Part iv is about the subject - matter of subrogating action . first , the author makes a brief introduction of the theory of subject - matter , evaluates and analyses the ideas of " one subject - matter , two basic legal relations , " " two subject - matters " and " one subject - matter " 首先，对诉讼标的理论作了简述，分别对“一个诉讼标的，两个基础法律关系观” 、 “两上诉讼标的观” 、 “一个诉讼标的观”作了介绍和评析。
Chapter one : discusses the significance of research of the theory concerning object of civil action in our country . this chapter first argues and reveals the meaning of object of the civil action through inspecting from the historical origin and the specific word meaning two aspects 第一章,对我国研究民事诉讼标的理论的意义进行论述。本章首先从诉讼标的含义入手,从历史渊源与具体词义两方面进行考察,揭示出诉讼标的含义。
At the first , the writer points out that claim of action is a word having same meaning with the word object of action . secondly , the writer points out the defects of present law lie in not regulating the types and the important elements of the alteration of action 首先，文章指出我国诉之变更制度中存在的一个掷问题是：对诉讼请求与诉讼标的这两个概念未能达成认识上的一致；有主张诉讼请求为诉腑的或诉之声明这两种观点。
Then , on criticizing the above ideas and combining with the stipulation of the interpretations of contract code and the real process of court hearing , the author raises the idea of " one main subject - matter and one auxiliary subject - matter " from the viewpoint of procedural justice 其次，在批判上述诸观点的基础上，结合我国《合同法解释》的规定和审判的实际过程，从程序公正的角度，大胆提出了“ ‘一主一辅’两个诉讼标的观” 。
Although settling disputes is not its private function , among the systems of disputes settleing , the civil action procedure has forcible power , finality , and is firmly guanranteed by procedures . the theory of disputes settling supports the judge ' s discretion and complement the leaks of law . currently , the social economic life is changing all the time , but the legislati on falls behind 既判力的客观范围影响到对前诉和后诉是否同一的判断，而其范围的大小则取决于诉讼标的，采取以有争议的实体法律关系为诉讼标的的旧实体法学说，则既判力范围小，采取诉讼请求为诉讼标的的诉讼法学说，则既判力范围大。
Chapter one : fundamental theory . in this section , the author explains the conception , character , subject matter and interest of litigation of civil retrial , and points out the litigation of civil retrial is a fundamental way to startup civil retrial procedure . generally speaking , the original subject matter is the only subject matter in litigation of civil retrial , and the reason of civil retrial is an important standard for interest of retrial litigation 正文部分由三章组成:第一章“民事再审之诉的基本理论问题”主要分析了民事再审之诉的概念、性质、诉讼标的、诉的利益等内容,指出民事再审之诉是发动再审程序的基本方式,其性质属于诉讼法上的形成之诉,再审之诉的诉讼标的即原审诉讼标的,再审之诉的法定事由是判断再审之诉的利益的重要标准之一。
Part one tries to have an analysis on the types and essential elements of international civil jurisdiction conflicts . after defining what is international civil jurisdiction and international civil jurisdiction conflicts and classifying international civil jurisdiction conflicts into positive and negative conflicts , the paper confines its research on positive conflicts of international civil jurisdictions . when disputants bring the same disputes to two or more courts of different countries , which all have legitimate jurisdiction over the said disputes and accept their complaints , international civil jurisdiction conflict appears inevitably 笔者认为，国际民事管辖权积极冲突的构成，应当同时具备以下要件： ( 1 )当事人就同一诉讼标的在两个或两个以上国家的法院提起诉讼； ( 2 )两个或两个以上国家的法院对该同一诉讼标的均具有合格管辖权； ( 3 )两个或两个以上国家的法院均受理同一诉讼案件。
This paper tries to discuss and demonstrate some basic theoretical questions about proceedings for right of subrogation , such as its concept , litigious right , jurisdiction , object of action , effective scope of validity of matter adjudged in proceedings for right of subrogation , status in litigation of parties and procedural rights 本文试图从代位权诉讼的概念、诉权、管辖、诉讼标的、代位权诉讼既判力之作用范围及其当事人的诉讼地位与诉讼权利等基本理论问题进行探索和论述，提出了一些独到的见解。
In a society that the merchandise economy sprout , the quantity and level of a civil litigation symbolize the advanced society , a more flourishing city civilization . the litigation fact in traditional china is that there is no litigation code . all problems that this paper attempts to reply is that how the farmland and house litigation exists , how its value and function are , how its independence and authority are , particularly about the civil litigation fact relating to economy closely 作者主要运用法学、历史学和社会学方法,在对《盟水斋存牍》中的田宅案件进行集中分类和梳理后,结合相关地方志和古代典籍,分别分析晚明粤东田宅争讼的诉讼标的、争讼人、案件中的经济关系、交易习惯、政府对田土交易的管理制度、证据制度以及诉讼制度和观念等方面。
The second part is about the theoretical base of the system of the shareholders " derivative action . the article discusses it from the substantive and procedural views . the reason that law grants shareholders the right of proceeding against directors and officers lies that shareholders are the very investors of the corporation and are closely related to the corporation , and that according to the theories of lawsuit trust and party ' s theory of broad sense the indirect party interested can also become party of litigation . the author considers that it is better to express that function of company law lies in protecting interst of minority shareholders and strengthen corporate governce . according to the fact that the shareholder ' s derivative action system consists of substansial rules and procedural rules , it analyzes faction of the system from above two aspects and points out that function of the system is not to solve conflicts among people but is to restrict or encourage the right of shareholder ' s derivative action 法律之所以赋予股东以提起派生诉讼的权利，一方面在于股东是公司的出资人，与公司的利益息息相关，另一方面根据诉讼信托理论及广义当事人理论，诉讼标的权利义务主体以外的非直接利害关系人也可以作为诉讼当事人，因而，股东派生诉讼中股东的诉权源于程序法的直接规定。股东派生诉讼的功能可以从不同的角度表示，我们当然可以认为其有事后救济，事前抑制的功能，但是，笔者认为将其功能表述为保护中小股东权益及强化公司治理结构则更能反映其特性。而且根据派生诉讼制度由实体和程序两部分构成的事实，笔者分别从两方面分析了派生诉讼的功能，并指出股东派生诉讼的程序规则不同于一般的民事诉讼程序，其功能不在于解决当事人之间的实体纠纷，而在于约束、限制或鼓励股东的派生诉讼提起权。
