Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an instrument station by performing multiple measurements of points whose coordinate values are known 后方交会是利用在未知点上对若干已知点进行观测，获得的观测值来计算出未知点的坐标。
With all the gross errors removed from observations by using quad method , the parameter estimators are relatively reliable and the precision is relatively high 找到观测值中的所有粗差并将其剔除，得到比较可靠的参数估值，提高了估计精度。
Values is the best predictor that is , the mean of a set of values is often a useful predictor of the next observed value making it the default model 值的均值是最佳预测值（也就是说，一组值的均值通常是下一个观测值有用的预测值，使之成为缺省模型） 。
Time series is a set whose data has been arranged in time . the time series analysis is a process which get the useful conclusion by analyze the time series 时间序列分析是指对这些按时间次序排列的观测值进行分析,进而得到对实际有指导作用的结论的过程。
Then some previous good error models and some latest outcomes presented in the world are made full use of in order to make simulated gps data be very close to the real observations 算例结果表明： gps模拟观测值在星载gps定轨中方案比较、可行性论证中有重作用。
On the basis of analyzing the similar single - difference model , the method of identifying the outliers , which is in carrier phase observations and less than half a cycle , is put forward 在分析似单差模型的基础上，提出了识别载波相位观测值中小于半周的粗差的方法。
But when theorists try to compute the energy density associated with the quantum vacuum , they come up with values that are at least 55 orders of magnitude too large 然而，当理论学家尝试计算这个量子真空的能量密度时，他们得到的结果比目前的观测值至少大55个数量级。
The method of calculating the change rate of the vtec using phase data is introduced . with the help of this efficient method , the solar flare is analyzed in this thesis 介绍了利用载波相位观测值求解电子总量变化率的方法，并利用这种方法的计算结果对耀斑进行了分析。
Using the modified theoretical model , co a1 ( v = 0 ) ~ e3 - ( v = l ) system in collision with ne and ar is calculated , the calculated values are consistent with the experimental results 在考虑短程作用势以后，对于碰撞伴是ne和ai实验的理论计算值和实验观测值一致。
When using quad method for detection and correction gross errors and cycle slips in gps observations , the key is how to select the correct quasi - accurate - observations ( qaos ) 本文将粗差的拟准检定法- quad法拓展到相关观测的情况，用来检测和修复gps观测值中的粗差和周跳。
