Therefore , international shipping practices as subject , this dissertation intends to make a preliminary systematic research of shipping practices , so as to give enlightenment in this respect to shipping enterprises and relevant industries 本论文以国际航运惯例为研究对象，就是意欲对航运惯例做一次系统性的初步研究，从而对航运企业等相关行业起启发性的作用。
The fourth chapter provides answers to these questions . this chapter makes respective comparisons between conventions , laws , contract clauses and international shipping practices , represents in details their respective difference and relation , and discusses related issues o 本章将公约、法律、合同条款与国际航运惯例分别进行比较研究，详尽地阐述了各自的区别及关系，并结合典型案例对各部分的相关问题进行论述，明确了国际航运惯例的补缺作用。
Shipping act of 1916 and shipping act of 1984 are leading acts in shipping market regulation , with supplementary of controlled carrier act of 1978 , foreign shipping practice act of 1988 and other types of legislation . the spirit in this part is that the u . s . protects her domestic operators while confines any foreigners 市场管理的立法以1916年《航运法》和1984年《航运法》为主，以1978年《受控承运人法》 、 1988年《外国航运惯例法》和其他政策为补充，体现了美国对本国航运经营者保护，对外国航运经营者限制的政策。
This chapter gives description to concept and range of international customs and international shipping practices , and emphasizes on introductions to different opinions of a number of scholars to concepts of and relations among " custom " , " practice " , and " custom law " . the aim of which is to offer a profound description of concepts of international shipping practices 此章对国际惯例、国际航运惯例的概念、范围等都进行了一番阐述，还着重介绍了各学者对“习惯” 、 “惯例”及“习惯法”的概念及其关系的不同见解，力图深层次地阐述国际航运惯例的概念性问题。
The freight - prepaid to collect freight is the basic right of the carrier , the freight is untouched and ca n ' t be reduced is an old maritime practice , but the provision of contract law had changes the situation , the risk of freight in transit should be born by the carrier , if loss of goods occurs because of force majeure , the carrier have no right to collect the freight , except as otherwise provided for in the contract 二、预付运费问题，收取运费是承运人的基本权利，运费不可触动、不得扣减是一个古老的航运惯例，但《合同法》的规定改变了这一惯例，除另有约定外，运费的风险由承运人承担，货物因不可抗力灭失的，承运人无权收取运费。
Mastery of theoretical knowledge of international shipping practices is still not enough . problems in application of international shipping practices frequently incur in shipping industry and maritime legal practices , which cannot be duly handled with only knowledge of theoretical concepts of shipping practices , therefore the second part of this dissertation is mainly devoted to the practical application of shipping practices , which attempts to give substantial opinions for application of shipping practices 掌握了国际航运惯例的理论知识仍是不够的，在航运实践及海事司法实践中，运用国际航运惯例时往往会出现很多问题，这并不是单从理论上对航运惯例的一些概念描述就能解决的问题，于是本论文的第二部分就把重点放在航运惯例在实践中的运用上，力图结合实际对航运惯例的运用提出实质性的见解。
The third chapter renders an overall introduction to theories concerning different aspects of shipping practices , including features , forms , classifications , functions , characters , etc . , which is theoretically significant for determination by relevant authorities of existence or not of shipping practices and how to put the same into application 第三章主要从航运惯例的特点、表现形式、分类、功能、性质等方面对航运惯例进行了全面的理论介绍，这对有关方面确定航运惯例存在与否、如何运用航运惯例有着理论上的意义。
