There are two conclusions that shall be specially pointed out : one , in most issue in civil cases , courts consider a number of factors in determining where to place the burden of proof , including : ( 1 ) which party is trying to change the status quo ( he is more likely to bear the burdens ) ; ( 2 ) who is contending that the more unusual event has occurred ( he is more likely to bear the burdens ) ; and ( 3 ) which way do policy considerations cut ( the court may allocate the burdens in a way that promotes some extra - judicial social policy ) 相反，如果这样的证明责任很难承担，由证明责任所产生的保护作用决定，那么这也是每个理性的人所期待的。研究证明责任问题所必然要面对的另一个重要问题是，将程序法和实体法综合进行考察。因为证明责任的分配很大程度上在实体法中应该进行预置，实现实体法的目的需要正确的论释其中的证明责任规则，反过来讲，侄释证明责任规则是实体法解释的重要手段之一。
