Upon the above views , this paper compares academic thoughts on allotment of burden of proof between the civil law system and the common law system , thus reaching the view that the principal of " classification of legal element " supplemented by other substantial standards on the burden of proof shall be adopted . this principle shall be the main ground for the court to decide merits of the case within its discretion , especially in the circumstance where there is no sufficiently substantial rules on burden of proof in the statute . the burden of proof in marine cargo claim shall adopt the same principle accordingly 在此基础上，比较分析了大陆法系和英美法系国家举证责任分配各学说，提出我国应采“法律要件分类说”为主，以实质标准为补充的举证责任分配原则，这一举证责任分配原则应当作为法院在审理案件时在缺乏实体法举证责任规则规定的情况下，在对诉讼当事人举证责任进行分配时应当遵循的总“指挥棒” ；同样应作为我国海运货损索赔举证责任分配之一般原则。
Based on both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a series of statistics , it comes to its conclusion of the present situation of the local english testing : 0wing to the traditional view of the english testing and the direction of the college entrance examination , the testing papers are not drawn up according to the principles ; the language viewpoint of the local teachers still needs improving ; and there is a certain distance from the new curricular criteria in the terms of the contents 定量分析的基础上归纳出该地区的英语测试现状：由于教师语言观受传统测试的影响及高考的“指挥棒”效应导致试题编制的科学性和系统性欠佳；试题考查内容与新课程标准规定的目标还有差距。最后本文为该地区英语教学和测试提出了建设性构想和建议：加强该地区师资培训，组织教师学习英语测试学，让他们了解测试理论和原则，熟悉试卷的编写程序；组织教师学习新课程标准，改变他们的语言观，提高他们的测试命题能力。
