So far , china ' s large oil carrier has still been a blank space . generally speaking , domestic tanker fleet tonnage is rather small and ship age tends to be too old . what is more , many old - age tanker have extended service 迄今为止，我国的大型油轮仍是一片空白，国内油轮普遍船舶吨位偏小、船龄偏大，许多老龄船舶已超期服役，很难与国际船队相抗衡。
2 under cfr / cif terms : the seller shall notify the buyer of the ship name , ship age ( for aged ship the seller shall pay the over - age extra premium ) , ship flag , shipment date , shipment port , destination port , contract number , number of the bill of lading , total price , gross weight and net weight within 48 hours after the shipment notification from the shipping line 2如为cfr / cif成交:卖方应在收到船公司的装运通知后48小时内，通知买方船名、船龄(老船卖方要付超龄加保费) 、船旗、装船日期、装船口岸、目的港、合同号、提单号、总金额、毛重、净重。
5 for cargo lots over 1 , 000 m / t each , or any other lots less than1 , 000 metric tons but identified by the buyer , the seller shall , at least10 days prior to the date of shipment , inform the buyer by telex or cableof the following information : the contract number , the name of commodity , quantity , the name of the carrying vessel , the age , nationality , andparticulars of the carrying vessel , the expected date of loading , theexpected time of arrival at the port of destination , the name , telex andcable address of the carrier 一次装运数量超过一千吨的货载或其它少于一千吨但买方指明的货载，卖方应在装船日前至少10天用电传或电报通知买方合同号、商品名称、数量、船名、船龄、船籍、船只主要规范、预计装货日、预计到达目的港时间、船公司名称、电传和电报挂号。
A ocean shipping co . in a province is facing following problems : less capital , small management scope , bad finance condition . weak ability for risk resistance , old ship age , bad ship condition , high operation cost , weak ability of gaining profit jess talent , low level of management , redundant staffs , unreasonable company organization structure . inert managing system . serious deficit etc . it is typical among middle and small shipping enterprises in tramp shipping market . by using a ocean shipping co . as example , the paper makes research on the difficult position which china middle and little shipping enterprises lying in , also its reason , and gives countermeasures accordingly . which is practical and realistic 某省a远洋公司存在着资本存量少、经营规模小、财务状况差、抗风险能力弱、船龄老化、船况差、经营成本高、盈利能力弱、人才短缺、管理水平较低、冗员严重、企业组织结构不合理、经营机制不灵活，亏损严重的种种现状，在不定期航运市场上的中小企业中，具有典型性。本文以该公司为案例探讨我国中小航运企业所面临的困境及其原因，并有针对性地提出对策，具有科学性和实用性。
It indicates the main questions of water transport by study and analysis of the cyrrent situation of our country , it emphasizes dealing with the defects of the water transport enterprises : inapplicability of instruction in vessel teams , little size of the vessel teams , little capacity of average tonnage , inapplicability of ages of instruction in vessel teams , slowly development of the vessel teams of nationality of china , fast increasing of the vessel of convenient nations , much more capacity and dense of transport of some cargoes , shortages of capacity and limitation of transport in some palaces 本文通过研究掌握我国航运业的发展现状，找出我国航运业所存在的主要问题，分析产生这些问题的根源，着重解诀我国航运业中存在的：船队结构不合理、规模偏小、平均吨位低、船龄结构不合理、中国旗船队发展缓慢、方便旗船队发展加快，个别货种通过能力过剩、过密，一些地区和一些货种的泊位通过能力短缺等问题。
A time - variant reliability formulation is presented in this paper to account for the effects of fatigue , corrosion and maintenance actions on the first yield reliability of midship section modulus . a probabilistic model for long - term distribution of wave - induced fatigue stress range is established . for the purpose of obtaining the performance of structure that stands random fatigue load , the concept of stress parameter and equivalent stress range are introduced 船舶在由波浪弯矩引起的交变应力作用下，船体构件焊接点处的微小裂纹逐渐扩展；同时，随着船龄的增加，众多结构构件遭受腐蚀的作用；从而使船体梁剖面模数减小，船体梁承载能力衰减，船舶结构的安全性将受到相当大的影响。
6 for cargo lots over 1 , 000 m / t each , or any other lots less than1 , 000 metric tons but identified by the buyer , the master of the carryingvessel shall notify the buyer respectively 7 ( seven ) days and 24 ( twenty - four ) hours prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port ofdestination , by telex or cable about its eta ( expected time of arrival ) , contract number , the name of commodity , and quantity 一次装运数量超过一千吨的货载或其它少于一千吨但买方指明的货载，卖方应在装船日前至少10天用电传或电报通知买方合同号、商品名称、数量、船名、船龄、船籍、船只主要规范、预计装货日、预计到达目的港时间、船公司名称、电传和电报挂号。
Under cfr / cif terms : the seller shall notify the buyer of the ship name , ship age ( for aged ship the seller shall pay the over - age extra premium ) , ? ship flag , shipment date , shipment port , destination port , contract number , number of the bill of lading , total price , gross weight and net weight within 48 hours after the shipment notification from the shipping line 如为cfr / cif成交:卖方应在收到船公司的装运通知后48小时内，通知买方船名、船龄(老船卖方要付超龄加保费) 、船旗、装船日期、装船口岸、目的港、合同号、提单号、总金额、毛重、净重。
At present , china ' s timber import transportation market is not in good order . generally speaking , domestic timber fleet tonnage is rather small and ship ages tends to be too old . what is more , many old - age timber ships have extended services . therefore it is very difficult for them to compete with foreign advanced timber fleet 原木进口的繁荣为中国木材船队提供了充足的货源保障目前，我国原木进口运输市场还不规范，原木运输船舶普遍吨位较小，船龄偏大，许多老龄船已超期服役，很难与国际木材船队相抗衡
5 for cargo lots over 1 , 000 m / t each , or any other lots less than 1 , 000 metric tons but identified by the buyer , the seller shall , at least 10 days prior to the date of shipment , inform the buyer by telex or cable of the following information : the contract number , the name of commodity , quantity , the name of the carrying vessel , the age , nationality , and particulars of the carrying vessel , the expected date of loading , the expected time of arrival at the port of destination , the name and telex of the carrier 一次装运数量超过1000吨的货载或其他少于1000吨但买方指明的货载，卖方应在装船日前至少10天用电传或电报通知买方合同号、商品名称、数量、船名、船龄、船籍、船只主要规范、预计装货日、预计到达目的港时间、船只公司名称和电传。
