As an important innate immune system , and as an important arm of the humoral immune response , the complement system is immediately ready to target and eliminate virus particles , to lysis those virions that have lipoprotein membranes , or to prevent it from entering host cells , or to marker them for destruction by other branch of the immune response . at the same time , the host normal tissue are protected from damaging by complement through recognizing the regulators of complement activation ( rca ) expressed on self cells 作为机体重要的天然免疫防御系统及特异性体液免疫应答的重要效应系统，补体系统除了具有溶解、清除病毒等致病微生物，阻止病毒进入靶细胞，调理病毒的吞噬等重要功能外，还可通过“识别”自身组织细胞表面的补体活化调节蛋白来对自身细胞加以保护，使之不受侵害。
The molecular mechanism of plant stress response was analyzed in this paper , the progress of transgene research for stress resistance related to different stress response pathway was overviewed , and the multi - gene integration strategy was proposed to extend the scope of stress resistance and improve its intensity 摘要分析了植物逆境应答的分子机制，概述了不同应答机制下的植物转基因研究进展，提出了采用基因聚合技术实现不同类杭逆基因的聚合以提高转基因植株的抗性范围和抗逆程度。
Abstract : plant responses to salt stress via a complex mechanism , including sensing and transducing the stress signal , activating the transcription factors and the corresponding metabolizing genes . since the whole mechanism is still unclear , this review emphasize the biochemical events during the plant adaptation to salt stress referring to an index of importance : the homeostasis in cytoplasm , the biosynthesis of osmolytes and the transport of water . most of these biochemical events were elucidated by study of halophyte and salt - sensitive mutations , also many important genes involved were cloned and used to generate stress - tolerance phenotypes in transgenic plants . on the other hand , about the molecular mechanism in signal transduction , the research of arabidopsis mutations and yeast functional complementation provided helpful traces but not full pathway 摘要植物对盐胁迫的耐受反应是个复杂的过程,在分子水平上它包括对外界盐信号的感应和传递,特异转录因子的激活和下游控制生理生化应答的效应基因的表达.在生化应答中,本文着重讨论负责维持和重建离子平衡的膜转运蛋白、渗调剂的生物合成和功能及水分控制.这些生理生化应答最终使得液泡中离子浓度升高和渗调剂在胞质中积累.近年来,通过对各种盐生植物或盐敏感突变株的研究,阐明了许多盐应答的离子转运途径、水通道和物种特异的渗调剂代谢途径,克隆了其相关基因并能在转基因淡水植物中产生耐盐表型;另一方面,在拟南芥突变体及利用酵母盐敏感突变株功能互补筛选得到一些编码信号传递蛋白的基因,这些都有助于阐明植物盐胁迫应答的分子机制。
Objectives to improve the effect of a single mtb8 . 4 dna vaccine , we constructed a chimeric mtb8 . 4 / hil - 12 eukaryotic plasmid by linkage of mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb8 . 4 gene to human il12 gene with a simple linker ( gly4 - ser ) 3 . we analyzed the immunogenicity of chimeric dna vaccine and investigated the immune responses elicited when mtb8 . 4 / hil12 was presented as endogenous ag 目的：以il - 12作为分子佐剂，与结核杆菌新抗原mtb8 . 4基因连接形成嵌合分子，将其克隆到真核表达质粒中，构建成嵌合dna疫苗，研究其在小鼠体内诱导细胞免疫应答的效果及对c57bl 6n小鼠的免疫保护作用，为寻求安全、有效、廉价的结核病新疫苗打下基础。
