Any contradiction between public - own enterprises and market economy 从企业和市场的替代关系看所有制问题
They can substitute each other and , instead , they have reasonable boundaries 二者不是替代关系,而是有着合理的界限。
The relationship between efficiency and fairness is not absolutely contradictive but unified dialectically by supplementing each other 摘要效率与公平之间并不存在绝对对立、此消彼长的替代关系，而是相辅相成的辨证统一关系。
Markuson ( 1983 ) disagrees about that and argues that the relationship should be substitution by assuming different consumer preference in the two countries 马库森( 1983 )不同意上述观点，他通过假设两国消费者拥有不同的偏好而得出两者应为替代关系的结论。
However , as be pointed out by recent literatures , it ’ s still controversial whether there is a substitute relation or a complementary relation between foreign direct investment and international trade 然而,正如已有文献所指出的,外商直接投资与国际贸易究竟是互补关系还是替代关系仍然是较具争议性的问题。
The development of enterprise firstly depends on the birth and expansion of the transactions of element use right , which is the development of element market . the relationship between enterprise and market is not simply a kind of substitution but a sort of advance and dependence 企业的发展首先必须有要素使用权交易的签订与扩大，这就是要素市场的发展，企业与市场并不是简单的替代关系，企业与市场是相互促进、互为基础的。
The relations between apec and its sub - regional mechanisms is just to a certain extent like that between economic globalization and regional economic integration : they are mutually complementary and also compete each other in some way , not necessarily in a position of replacing each other Apec与次区域组织的关系在一定程度上与经济全球化和区域经济一体化的关系一样，既相互融合、相互补充，又相互竞争、相互对立，不存在必然的替代关系。
Chapter 3 : introducing the strategic alliance of the foreign biotech medicine enterprise . first , we carry on the condition of the biotech medicine business enterprise . secondly , we find the advisement from learning the foreign biotech medicine enterprise chapter 4 : to the northeast chinese medicine business enterprise 本论文以构建东北地区的战略联盟的模式研究作为主线,由于中医药产品与生物制药产品的替代关系,参考国外和国内的生物制药企业战略发展模式,寻找东北地区的中医药企业战略联盟的有效途径。
Abstract : the almost ideal demand sy stem （ aids ） is used to condition of analy ze systematically the food consumption u rban inhabitants of henan province and a n aids model is set up as a basis to ana lyse the elasticities of demand expendit ure and price （ own price elasticity and cross - price elasticity ） the results show that among the five major groups of foo d consumption ， grain and poultry and egg are major consumer goods ， 55 of total ex penditure in urban housholds tobacco ， lig ur and tea ' s shares are decreasing ， as in come increasing all foods have leap out of the shortage ， and the substituting rel ationship among the foods is expanding 文摘:利用几乎理想系统( aids )对河南城镇居民的食品消费状况进行了系统分析，建立了几乎理想需求系统模型，并在此基础上进行了需求支出弹性和需求价格弹性(自价格弹性和交叉价格弹性)分析，结果表明，在5大类食品消费中，粮食和肉禽蛋是城镇居民的主要消费品，约占食品消费的55 % ，烟酒茶消费份额随着人们收入提高呈下降趋势.各种食品跳出“短缺”困境，食品间的替代关系增加
Muc is furtherly defined as intergenerational opportunity cost under sustainability context and the concept of relative value is built up to analyze its dynamic character . in the neoclassic growrh with the invariable substitution of resource for capital , the formulation of this relative value is deduced . for mpc , hotelling model is used to illuminate the relation between the change of mpc and the impossibilities of sustainable use of energy resources ; for mec , an optimal growth model with exhaustible energy resources and environment pollution is employed to calculate the optimal environment 在可持续发展的条件下,将能源资源的边际使用者成本进一步定义为代际机会成本,并建立相对价值的概念用于分析代际机会成本的动态变化,基于一个资本与资源存在确定替代关系的新古典经济体系推导这种相对价值的表达式;在传统的霍特林准则的基础上,分析了边际生产成本变化对资源可持续利用的影响;运用一个带有资源与环境约束的最优增长模型,推导了边际环境成本内部化的最优环境税,并分析了这种税收政策在实践中的应用。
