This dissertation is planned to compare and discuss the systems relating to carrier ' s liability in the cmi ' s draft outline instrument in order to research the intentions of the regulations and grasp the international unification trend of carriage of goods by sea 本文拟对cmi起草的海上货物运输法建议稿中与承运人责任相关的制度，以比较研究的方法作一探讨，以探究其规定的内涵，把握当今海上货物运输法的国际统一趋势。
Cmi has been endeavoring the international unification of the law relating to carrier ' s liability system arising out of the carriage of goods by sea since 1907 . the hague rules which was adopted in 1924 started the beginning of the unification of carrier ' s liability system 自1907年以来， cmi就一直致力于海上货物运输法承运人责任制度的国际统一，并于1924年制定了海牙规则，开创了承运人责任制度统一的先河，随着1968年修订海牙规则维斯比议定书的通过，统一的程度有所降低。
Especially on entering the mid of last century , the appeal to build up international navigation economic new order which requires the reasonable allocation of the risks at the sea , reform the conventional law system , oppose transportation monopoly by the developed countries 特别是进入本世纪60年代以来，要求合理分摊海运风险，改变传统的法律制度，反对发达国家垄断国际海运，建立国际航运经济新秩序的呼声高涨。海上货物运输法部分面临着一个风云变换的国际、国内法律环境。
Having this in mind , researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law . meanwhile , taking into account the specialties of shipping law , this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules , hague - visby rules , hamburg rules , draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ) , china maritime code and china contract act 2000 有鉴于此，本论文对海运货损索赔举证责任的研究是建立在对一般民事举证责任分析的基础上，结合海商法特点，重点对《海牙规则》 、 《海牙威斯比规则》 、 《汉堡规则》 、美国1999年海上货物运输法草案以及我国《合同法》 、 《海商法》对海运货损索赔举证责任的规定做了具体的比较和分析。
This thesis is planed to analyze and demonstrate this obligation in detail , and tries to clarify the issues below : 1 , the differences in the obligation standards among the carrier , the common carrier and the bailee , and the differences in the obligation standards between care of cargo and making the ship seaworthy ; 2 , combined with the cases and shipping practice , solving the problems which is produced in fulfilling the obligation ; 3 , with the principle of law , analyzing the character of the responsibility which should assume when the care of cargo obligation is breached ; 4 , introducing the provisions about care o f cargo obligation in preliminary draft instrument on the carriage of goods by sea and expressing my opinions 本文拟对这一义务进行详细的分析和论证，试图阐明以下几个方面的问题： 1 、承运人管货义务所要求的“妥善和谨慎”的标准与公共承运人、托管人管货义务的标准的区别，与承运人适航义务的标准“克尽职责”的区别； 2 、结合有关案例和航运实务，分析该条文字面所表述的管货义务的各个环节在实际运用中的相关问题； 3 、从法理的角度分析违反管货义务所应承担的责任的性质； 4 、介绍正在制订的《海上货物运输法》 (草案)中关于承运人管货义务的规定，并提出自己的意见。
（ b ） paragraph （ a ） of this bill of lading shall be applicable and the carrier shall be entitled - to avail itself of all rights or immunities provided for in the carriage of goods by sea act of the united states , approved april 16 , 1936 , although the contract of carriage evidenced by this bill of lading is not for the carriage of goods by sea to or from ports of the united states ; however , if this bill of lading is issued in canada , and contains or is evidence of a contract for the carriage of goods by water in a ship or ships carrying goods from any port in canada to any other port , whether in or outside canada , then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the rules as applied by the water carriage of goods act , 1936 , of the dominion of canada , and said act and rules shall be deemed incorporated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities , or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said act and rules , and if any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said act and rules to any extent , such term shall be void to that extent , but no further 在适用本提单第1条规定时，承运人有权享有1936年4月16日的美国《海上货物运输法》所规定的各项权利或豁免权，即使本提单所证明的运输合同不是有关来往美国港口的海上货物运输；然而，如果本提单是由加拿大所签发，且该提单是运输合同或是一个从加拿大的任何港口将货物用船舶水运到其他港口（不论此港口是否在加拿大）的合同证明，本提单的效力依据1936年《货物水运法》的规则规定，且适用于加拿大领域，上述水运法和规则规定应视为是本提单的一部分，本提单的任何规定不得视为承运人放弃任何权利或豁免权，或增加水运法和规则所规定的责任或义务，凡与上述水运法和规则抵触的本提单的条款，在抵触范围内无效。
B ) paragraph ( a ) of this bill of lading shall be applicable and the carrier shall be entitled - to avail itself of all rights or immunities provided for in the carriage of goods by sea act of the united states , approved april 16 , 1936 , although the contract of carriage evidenced by this bill of lading is not for the carriage of goods by sea to or from ports of the united states ; however , if this bill of lading is issued in canada , and contains or is evidence of a contract for the carriage of goods by water in a ship or ships carrying goods from any port in canada to any other port , whether in or outside canada , then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the rules as applied by the water carriage of goods act , 1936 , of the dominion of canada , and said act and rules shall be deemed incorporated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities , or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said act and rules , and if any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said act and rules to any extent , such term shall be void to that extent , but no further 在适用本提单第1条规定时,承运人有权享有1936年4月16日的美国《海上货物运输法》所规定的各项权利或豁免权,即使本提单所证明的运输合同不是有关来往美国港口的海上货物运输;然而,如果本提单是由加拿大所签发,且该提单是运输合同或是一个从加拿大的任何港口将货物用船舶水运到其他港口(不论此港口是否在加拿大)的合同证明,本提单的效力依据1936年《货物水运法》的规则规定,且适用于加拿大领域,上述水运法和规则规定应视为是本提单的一部分,本提单的任何规定不得视为承运人放弃任何权利或豁免权,或增加水运法和规则所规定的责任或义务,凡与上述水运法和规则抵触的本提单的条款,在抵触范围内无效
In respect of goods carried on deck all risks of loss or damage by perils inherent in such carriage shall be borne by the shipper or the consignee but in all other respects the custody and carriage of such goods shall be governed by the terms of this bill of lading and the provisions stated in said carriage of goods by sea act notwithstanding sec . l （ c ） thereof 就舱面货而言，发货人或收货人应承担舱面装运自身风险而造成的一切灭失或损失，但在其他方面，舱面货的监护和承运应按本提单条款和上述《海上货物运输法》的规定执行，尽管本合同第1条第3款作有规定。
In the third part , the writer firstly is in an attempt to analyze rules of burden of proof in the importantly international conventions , namely hague rules , hague - visby rules and hamburg rules . by paying a close scrutiny on judicial precedents in different countries , the different approaches on the burden of proof in these conventions have been further stressed . under the international criticisms towards these approaches , the united states has drafted its carriage of goods by 另一方面，在各国对规则要求进行修改的呼声中，美国已推出了1999年海上货物运输法草案，美国作为世界上经济一大强国，这部法律的出台肯定会对我国海商领域产生重大的影响，在该草案中在举证责任方面做了许多有别于现有国际公约的规定，因此在本论文中对美国99cogsa的相关规定也做了具体评析。
