Toastmasters international president jon greiner , a toastmaster for 32 years , credits his own career advancements in large part to his toastmasters training . “ while the idea of speaking in front of an audience intimidates most people , it ' s a skill anybody can learn , ” says greiner , who is a product support manager for caterpillar inc ' s global mining division . “ our organization is full of people who have changed their lives for the better thanks to becoming more confident communicators , ” greiner says 世界总会长葛莱纳先生任职于凯特必拉公司之国际采矿部门之产品支援经理,加入演讲会32年,并归功其能在职场之升迁,大部分是受惠于演讲会的扎实训练,尤其一上台发表演说时更是人人称羡,他说其实这种技巧每个人都可以透过参加演讲会之例会及各种活动学得,在我们演讲会到处都是因对沟通表达展现的信心而大大改善了她/他们的生活的会员
But in the situation of information asymmetry the activity of managers is unforeseeable . what can be observed is the result of the activity , because the result is decided by the activity and nature state , the manager would attribute the result to the activity and make the shareholder believe the effort by manager as the result is good ; on the other side , the manager would shift the obligation to nature state as the result is bad . then the opportunism of managers is serious , named by " moral risk " 而在信息不对称的情况下，经营者的行动和自然状态是不可观测的，可观测的只是行动的结果，由于行动结果是由经营者的行动和自然状态共同决定的，当行动结果好时，经营者会把结果的获得全归功为行动，让股东认为经营者努力；当行动结果不好时，经营者则会将责任推卸给自然状态，让股东相信不是自己不努力，从而出现了较为严重的经营者的机会主义行为，即“道德风险” 。
