Proponents of the so - called new agrarian economics - people such as pranab k . bardhan , for example - have argued persuasively that the high rural interest rates endemic in many parts of the world in times past may have been efficient rather than exploitative in light of the high information and transactions costs , risks , market failures , and moral hazards in such areas 例如，包括普拉那博巴德汉在内的所谓“新土地经济学”支持者有力地指出：如果将世界上许多地区的高信息成本、高交易成本、高风险、高度市场失败几率以及高度道义危害等诸种因素进行通盘考虑，高利息借贷过去在这些地区不时地盛行可能更具有“效益性” 、而非“剥削性”
