Introduction to frequency standards and clocks , including atomic clocks and primary frequency standards , quartz oscillators , and other standards 介绍频率标准和时钟，包括原子钟、一等频率标准，石英晶体振荡器和其他标准。
Overview of the different kinds of time and frequency standards and measurement services that are available , through nist , other nmis , and the private sector 概述目前可用的美国nist 、各国国家计量院和私有的各种时间频率标准、测量设备。
The measurement precision mainly depends on two aspect , one is the phase noise of frequency standard , the other is the linearity of phase detector in the range from 0 to 360 此方法测量精度的高低，主要取决于两个方面，即频率标准本身相位噪声的情况和在0 360范围内鉴相的线性度。
Description of some of the expected future developments in time and frequency standards and distribution , including such topics as chip - scale atomic clocks ( size of a rice grain , powered by aa battery , potentially capable of low cost mass production ) 介绍一些未来可预期的时间频率标准和发布技术的进展，包括诸如“芯片级的原子钟” （大米粒尺寸，由aa电池供电，具有低成本大批量生产潜力） 。
By means of controlling accurately temperature of f - p cavity used in the frequency - stabilizing system of laser , the frequency stability of laser is significantly improved . especially the long - term unidirectional frequency shift is essentially overcome 从实验结果，我们得出将作为频率标准的f ? p腔精密控温与对该腔不控温对激光器振荡频率进行锁定的结果相比较，清楚看到短期稳定性有一定提高，重要是对作为稳频标准f ? p腔精密控温，消除了由于温度变化引起的频率慢漂移。
Because the nonlinearity of phase detector exists near 0 and 360 , the measurement precision is limited . according to the feature of each nominal frequency , two new measurement methods are discussed in the second chapter of this paper . the two methods can reduce the phase noise , eliminate the effect of nonlinearity and promote the measurem ent precision by taking measure 由于在0和360附近存在的非线性，限制了仪器的测量精度，所以在本文的第二章中通过两种新的测量方法的讨论，并根据各频率标准相位噪声的特点，针对性的采取措施和如何克服在0和360附近的非线性的影响，以达到提高测量精度的目的。
The concept of " timing " in the article is not the clock in our ordinary living , but syntheses which is made up of some frequency source in the signal generator ( such as cs atom frequency standard , rb clock & high accuracy quartz crystal oscillator ) which produces the primary frequency , the matching input interface and the matching output interface and controlling circuit etc . for example , bits is a kind of timing equipment , which is used to control the timing of some functions 本文论及的“时钟”概念不是指日常生活中使用的钟表，而是由产生基准频率的信号发生器(如铯原子频率标准、铷钟及高精度石英晶体振荡器等)中的某种频率源以及相配套的输入、输出接口和控制电路等组成的一整套具有特定同步定时功能的综合体。如bits就是一种时钟设备，它提供用在通信系统中控制某些功能的定时的时间基准设备，时钟提供的信号称为基准信号、定时信号或同步信号。
