In the partition , author analyses the challenge about contract ' s relativity in the end of nineteenth century . just so , people did n ' t inisist that contract is only suitable in parties . people believe that it is possible to help stranger by contract law 第一部份契约相对性的危机与契约对第三人保护效力在这一部分里，笔者从契约的相对性理论入手，着重分析了相对性理论到19世纪末遇到的挑战，使“契约仅在当事人间有效”的观念不再为人们所固守，从而使用契约法对第三人进行救济成为可能。
It cantams the case as following : the case that citizes , legal persons or other orgnizations disobey the administrative laws and regulations or other resolution , orders of universal bind ; the cases of disobeying the administrative management or other decisions of the personnel settlement made by administrative organs ; the cases of disobeying the mediation , arbitration or other settlement of the civil complications made by administrative organs ; and the cases of disobeying the conduct of the state , such as the national defence , diplomacy , etc . in a word , the limits of administrative reconsideration directly connect with the depth and range of supervising administrative organs and providing relief to the relative persons of administrative supervision 对于不得提请行政复议的范围在第三章作了主要阐述，包括：公民、法人或者其他组织对行政法规、规章或具有普遍约束力的的决定、命令不服；不服行政机关作出的行政处分或者其他人事处理决定；不服行政机关对民事纠纷作出的调解、仲裁或者其他处理；对国防、外交等国家行为不服等情形。总之，行政复议范围的大小，直接关系到对行政机关进行监督以及对行政管理相对人进行救济的深度和广度，它是行政复议制度的核心问题之一。
Compensation for spiritual dajnages means a civil legal system that a person suffers mental scar or spiritual damages after his personal right or some particular possession right get illegal aggression , and therefore calls for relief and protection by demanding the infringer " s compensation 精神损害赔偿是指民事主体因其人身权或特定财产权受到不法侵害导致精神创伤和精神损失，而要求侵权人通过财产赔偿等方式对其进行救济和保护，以抚慰其精神损害的民事法律制度。
The author thinks that damages caused by public utilities should be included in national indemnity , and should be redressed according to the procedure of national indemnity . the author also assumes four following premises for the adoption of damages caused by public utilities into national indemnity . the first , we accept the new theories of other countries ; the second , we learn from and follow the legislation of developed countries , amend national indemnity act ; the third , the legal practices can keep developing , and the spirit of judicial independence can be cultivated ; the fourth , the practice of national indemnity act can be developed further and gets the people ’ s trust and recognition 本文主张公有公共设施致害应纳入国家赔偿,并循国家赔偿程序进行救济,提出了关于公有公共设施致害纳入国家赔偿的四个假定,即:一、理论上我们接受各国最新之学说;二、立法上能够参照先进国家的立法例,使国家赔偿法于修改完善时达致真正救济法水平,同时须注意相关配套法律法规的制定与完善;三、司法实践能够保持足够的发展张力,能够着力培育司法独立之精神;四、国家赔偿法的实践能够不断深入,得到民众的信任与认可。
Legislation related to environmental torts had many shortcomings , for example , the doctrine of liability fixation , terms of the responsibility of environmental torts and the legal status of environmental rights , and traditional theory about litigation prescription couldn ’ t ensure the litigation rights of environmental torts victims 环境侵权的特殊性,使得传统的私法、公法对其救济显得乏力,那么就有必要在社会法框架下,适用“倾斜保护”原则,对作为社会弱势群体的环境侵权受害人进行救济。
