In order to perform a speech act successfully , a speaker needs to have socio - cultural ability and sociolinguistic ability 要成功实现言语行为，讲话者必须同时具备社会文化能力和社会语言能力。
If this " play back " version is acknowledged as being correct by the original speaker , then you have a greater degree of confidence in you own understanding 如果“回放”的版本为讲话者认可，那你对自己的理解能力会有更强的信心。
People speak differently in different situations . these differences are brought about by situational factors , or sociolinguistic variables such as the speaker , the addressee , the audience , or the setting 受社会因素(讲话者、听众或环境等)的影响，人们在不同的场合下使用不同的语言。
The gricean pragmatics is important to discourse analysis because it can help to analyze the way speaker meaning is dependent upon a cognitive context of shared beliefs and assumptions 格赖斯语用学对话语分析的贡献在于它说明了理解讲话者的真正意图取决于听话者与讲话者双方共有的语境系统。
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For convenience , we may classify the speakers into two groups : one in which the speakers use english as their native language ; the other in which the speakers learn english as a second language for the purpose of education , commerce , and so on 为了方便起见，我们可以把说英语的人分为两类：第一类中讲话者把英语作为他的母语；另一类中讲话者因为教育、商业等目的把英语作为第二语言来学。
Recently , advances in postprocessing mechanisms have been studied to improve lip synchronization of head - and - shoulder video coding at a very low bit rate by using the knowledge of decoded audio in order to correct the positions of the lips of the speaker [ 3 . 36 ] , figure 3 . 2 shows an example of the block diagram of such a postprocessing operation 最近，对改善在很低比特率时头肩像视频编码的唇同步问题的后处理机制的研究已经取得进展，这种机制运用解码音频的知识校正讲话者的唇位，图3 . 2显示了一例这类后处理过程的框图。
According to grice , speaker ' s meaning need not be code - related and can be inferred through processes which are not the ordinary encoding and decoding processes . the special kinds of processes are the processes of following " the cooperative principle " . four kinds of maxim are included in the principle : the quality maxim , the quantity maxim , the manner maxim and the relevance maxim 这种言外之意不与语码相联系，它不需要通过一般的编码和解码过程获得，听话者无法直接从讲话者的言语中得出他的真正意图，只有依靠推理的过程来理解，这种推理过程应遵循‘合作原则’ ，格赖斯用四个准则来说明合作原则，即量的准则，质的准则， 0哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文一关系准则和方式准则。
