The results showed that the gradation , which designed by volumetric methods , has perfect water - stability and other pavement performance also can meet the demands of expressway . by integrating compaction capacity and pavement performances , the optimal ratio of the structural layer thickness to the maximum particle - size is 2 . 5 . the water resistance of the mixture added amine type anti - stripping agent attenuates severely after long - term aging , but the mixture added hydrated lime not only can improve obviously the capacity of water resistance , but also has perfect long - term pavement performance 研究结果表明，采用体积法设计的级配不仅具有较好的水稳定性而且其它路用性能均满足高速公路面层的要求；综合考虑压实性能及路用性能，提出了沥青路面表面层结构层厚度与混合料最大粒径的合理比例为2 . 5 ；掺有液体胺类抗剥落剂的沥青混合料经长期老化后其抗水损害能力衰减严重，而掺加消石灰的混合料能显著提高其抗水损害能力，且长期性能较好，是一种优良的抗剥落剂。
The cause that it produces is to there exist a thin layer in the surface that liquid and the gas contact , to be called a surface layer , molecule inside the surface layer is more sparse than the inside of liquid , molecule room distance is a few bigger than the inside of liquid , molecule room coactions shows for the gravitation 它产生的原因是液体跟气体接触的表面存在一个薄层,叫做表面层,表面层里的分子比液体内部稀疏,分子间的距离比液体内部大一些,分子间的相互作用表现为引力。
Further requirements such as higher electrochemical capacity and better reversibility are advanced to lithium ion battery with the development of our society . in the first cycle of lithium ion battery , solvent decomposition reaction on the surface of electrode will lead to the formation of a passivating layer , commonly named solid electrolyte interface film ( sei film ) 在锂离子电池的充放电过程中,电极和电解质界面区由于电解质与电极材料之间的相互作用而在电极表面形成一层厚度在几个纳米范围的表面层,这个表面层被称为固体电解质中间相( solidelectrolyteinterfacefilm ,简称sei膜) 。
According to heat load source of die cavity , temperature distribution gradient equations and heat flux equations and the peak value equations of temperature load at die cavity surface have been obtained with research of temperature distribution and transfer laws of die surface by unsteady heat transfer theory 摘要根据锻模型腔热负荷来源，通过非稳态传热理论，分析研究了模具工作表面层的温度分布与传递规律，给出了型腔表面温度分布梯度和热流密度公式，并给出了锻模型腔表面的温度负荷峰值的计算公式。
Studying on the shakedown theories and plastic deformation of contact surface layer the shakedown of contact surface layer is related to the strain - hardening models of materials , such as isotropic hardening , kinematic - hardening , and mixed - hardening . the existing results based on experiments and theory show that the shearing strain behavior of contact surface layer caused by friction can be comparatively described with kinematic - hardening 研究中，围绕强化后接触表面疲劳问题，从强化模型选择、接触表层安定性存在的条件及其失效规律，进行了详细的概念定义、定理证明及推论演算等理论工作，为接触表面层安定性的数值模拟和疲劳分析奠定了理论基础。
In this thesis , the strain - hardening model of contact surface layer , the numerical theories and computational methods for shakedown analyses of contact body are systematically studied and applied to the aero - gear . the mentality is that the effects of the surface hardening and contact fatigue on contact surface layer under cycle contact loading are investigated by using shakedown analysis methods considering in a quantitative way the details of stress - inelastic strain responses , residual stress and residual strain computations 在国家“航空基金” 、 “总装预研基金”等课题的资助下，本文以接触体安定分析与接触表面层疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测一般算法研究为手段，深入、系统研究了接触体安定分析的数值理论和计算方法，全面研究了影响航空齿轮表面强化层失效的原因并提出了齿轮表面强化层裂纹萌生寿命的预测方法。
