In chapter 4 , the author analyses the actual loading and unloading costs of dalian port . this is to find out factors affecting the costs and their affecting degree 第四章针对大连港具体的装卸成本进行了分析，主要运用了比较法、比率法和连锁替代法，目的是找出影响成本升降的因素，并确定各因素的影响程度。
According to the edition of system of national accounts issued in 1993 ( sna93 ) , because of the unavailability of the market price , the output of non - market services is still obtained through input method , though the method is blamed widely 然而服务统计理论、特别是非市场服务统计理论的发展却异常缓慢。按照sna93的规定，由于无法得到市场价格，非市场服务产出的核算仍采用投入替代法? ?虽然该方法倍受指责。
Th ere are three approaches to deal with this problem , which are introduced and compared in this thesis : one is to throw off the absent observations ; second is to replace the absent observations with the average of other observations ; and third can be called first derivative approach 即观测值缺失问题，文章介绍并比较了三种处理这一问题的方法，分别是：去掉丢失观测值法、平均值替代法(零阶法)和一阶法。
On the basis of summarizing current fractal dimension algorithms , the random midpoint replacement algorithm was employed to obtain interpolating point according to the fractal features of remote sensing image , so the current widely used triangular prism method was improved 摘要在总结现有分形维数计算方法的基础上，根据遥感影像的分形特性，利用随机中点替代法获取插值点，从而对目前普遍使用的三棱柱面法进行了改进。
Firstly , we made investigations for reconstructed effects by measurements and surveys at sites , and made evaluations of social function using blurry synthetic evaluation methods . secondly , we analysed and valued the ecological functions , taking the fixed volume calculation of gardening vegetables the various types of ecological functions of garden and the fixed analysis of the ecological adjustment as the basic methods . lastly , in the thesis , many methods are used to calculate the value of economic values , such as shadow project method , market - value method , substitute method , and so on 首先,通过实地测量和问卷调查等方法对其改造效果进行调查,并且运用模糊综合评价法对其社会功能进行评价;其次,以城市园林绿化绿量计算为基础,以园林植物不同种类生态功能定量计算为基本方法,对其生态功能进行了分析和估算;最后,运用碳税法、造林成本法、影子工程法、市场价值法、条件价值法、替代法等方法,估算了其经济功能。
This paper assesses and analyses disaster degree of flood - waterlogging disaster by use of three - factor influence assessment method . it establishes the synthetic disaster index model and analyzes the in fluence degree of different disaster factors on synthetic disaster condition by use of the method of continuous substitution . the study results show as follows . the variation of disaster degree has the features of quasi - period and of development by stages ; the factors of flood disaster condition are the main influence factors on variation of synthetic disaster condition ; the influence direction of different factors are not all the same , and the factors that enlarge disaster condition show the new characteristics of flood - waterlogging disaster ; because the waterlogging disaster is serious da ybyday , the control of waterlogging must be strengthened 运用三因子联立评估法,评定了洞庭湖区洪灾,涝灾和洪涝灾的灾度,进行了相应的分析;构建了洪涝灾情指数,并运用联环替代法对各灾情因素的影响进行了分析.分析得出:洞庭湖区洪涝灾度具有阶段性和准周期性等特征;洪灾灾情因素是综合灾情变化的主导影响因素;各灾情因素影响方向不完全一致,其中起放大作用的因素反映出洪涝灾害的新特点;涝灾日趋严重,应加强涝灾治理
It is proved that this approach reduces the entropy of information system and the mutual information of decision system . according to information theory , this approach is better than other completion methods , such as remove incompletes , mean / mode fill , combinatorial completion and similarity relation model 本文证明该拓展算法使信息系统的信息熵(决策系统的互信息)减小，在信息理论意义上优于删除法、扩展法、默认值替代法和相似模型法等常用的完备化处理方法。
The paper discussed the problem of count in a small region , which was situated in a great system , and it introduced a special scheme of calculation for flux of cell or surface and current of surface . in some cases , the size of detector is so smaller than the size of the whole system that the direct simulating method ca n ' t figure out a well result 作者以mcnp软件为平台，通过采用计算体通量和面通量的点通量替代法和计算体表面流量的点通量替代法很好地解决了mcnp程序对大系统小探测器计数少、方差大的困难，为以后类似的应用提供了一个有效的新途径。
This paper take comprehensive development project - " enrich farmers through water conservancy ( eftwc project ) " in pinggu district , beijing as an example or research area , to built up indexes system for evaluating such projects based on the analysis of the project ' s functions ; to evaluate the effects of eftwc project on the development of agricultural economy in research area with statistic analysis method , such as the theory of gray system and regression analysis method . the key points of this paper are focused on as following aspects : ( 1 ) the value of eco - environmental benefits of eftwc project in pinggu district is evaluated based on utility value theory and environmental economic methods such as equivalent substitution approach , opportunity cost approach , and replacement cost ap proach ; ( 2 ) the economic effects on investment are appraised with both static and dynamic cost - benefit analysis methods ; and ( 3 ) the effects of the eftwc project on the economy and society sustainability in research area are evaluated synthetically from three aspects : society development ability , economy development ability and resources and environmental capacity 本文以北京市平谷区水利富民综合开发工程为例，在分析了水利富民综合开发工程功能的基础上，建立了水利富民综合开发工程效益价值评估的指标体系；用灰色系统理论、回归分析等统计分析方法进行了水利富民综合开发工程对平谷区农业经济发展的影响评价；重点以效用价值论为理论依据，用等效替代法、机会成本法和重置成本法(恢复费用法)等环境经济学方法，对平谷区水利富民综合开发工程生态环境效益价值进行了评估；采用静态和动态费用效益分析法进行了水利富民综合开发工程投资经济效果分析；最后从社会发展能力、经济发展能力和资源环境承载能力3个方面进行了水利富民综合开发工程对平谷区经济社会可持续发展能力的综合影响评价。
