Based on the analysis of gas - solid multiphase catalytic reaction , the chemical reaction model is established . when the reaction is controlled by the chemical dynamic , the reaction rate is introduced by consideration of the adsorption and desorption effects . when the reaction is controlled by mass transfer , the diffusion coefficient is established which can present the flow rate increases in small reynolds domain ; for the internal diffusion , the internal diffusion coefficient is derived , and then the internal diffusion is coupled with chemical reaction to represent the phenomenon that the diffusion and the chemical reaction occur cocurrently 本文在考虑催化转化器载体内发生的传热传质现象的基础上,建立了催化转化器的一维单孔道和三维多孔道传热传质模型;在分析载体内以气-固多相催化反应为特点的工作机理的基础上,建立了催化转化器的化学反应模型:当催化转化处于化学动力学控制区时,引入了考虑吸附、表面反应和脱附的表面化学反应速率公式,当催化转化处于质量输运控制区时,引入了决定外扩散能力的扩散系数公式和和决定内扩散速率的内扩散系数公式,并与化学反应速率相耦合,得出由扩散过程决定的化学反应速率公式。
Based on the understanding of two concepts , " self - innovation " and " national innovation capability " , the author explores the connotation of " national self - innovation capability " ; develops the evaluation index system of national self - innovation capability ; classifies the capability into four first - level aspects , input capability , output capability , expansion capability and support capability ; further decomposes those four indexes into sixteen second - level indexes 摘要作者在理解和认识“自主创新”和“国家创新能力”两个概念的基础上，探讨了“国家自主创新能力”的内涵，并提出了国家自主创新能力评价指标体系，将国家自主创新能力分解为国家自主创新的投入能力、国家自主创新的产出能力、国家自主创新的扩散能力和国家自主的支撑保障能力四个一级指标，且将一级指标细分为十六项二级指标。
Cryptic species have been found in a wide range of marine organisms ; with majority of them are benthic invertebrates . in contrast , marine holoplanktons are thought to have lower diversity and slow speciation due to their strong dispersal potential . this paper reviewed studies on cryptic species and speciation in marine holoplankton . based on findings in 38 studied taxa , it was concluded that : 1 ) cryptic species are pervasive in marine holoplankton , suggesting holoplankton speciation was more active than previously thought ; 2 ) current morphospecies diversity is untenable to reflect true species diversity in marine holoplankton ; 3 ) geographic isolation may facilitate cryptic speciation of marine holoplankton . however , contribution of allopatric speciation is still questionable ; 4 ) ecological speciation may be the prevailing speciation mode in marine holoplankton . cryptic speciation in marine holoplankton is paradoxical , because rapid speciation under strong gene flow is countertuitive . solution of this paradox will help us gain deep insights of marine speciation and biodivesity 隐种广泛存在于各类海洋生物中,尤其是底栖无脊椎动物.然而,海洋终生浮游生物由于具有较强的扩散能力,往往被视为生物多样性低、物种形成慢.本文就海洋终生浮游生物隐种与物种形成的研究作一综述.基于研究的38个种类,结果表明: 1 )海洋终生浮游生物普遍存在隐种,其物种形成要比想象得快; 2 )由于引种的广泛存在,形态种生物多样性无法反映海洋终生浮游生物真正的物种多样性; 3 )地理隔离有助于海洋终生浮游生物隐种的形成,但异域物种形成的作用仍值得商榷; 4 )生态物种形成很可能是海洋终生浮游生物物种形成的主流模式.海洋终生浮游生物强基因流下快速的物种形成有悖于生物进化常理,解决该悖论将有助于我们对海洋物种形成和生物多样性的理解
