After tracing the original definition of monopoly and its past legacies , the dissertation justifies that the concept of monopoly comes from the unwritten law of england . after several hundreds of years , the concept evolves from a franchise granted by the king to a manifold notions including monopolist , the market structure of monopoly , the monopolistic situation and behaviors and so on 通过垄断原生意义、垄断的历史传统的研究,展现了垄断从英国习惯法中产生,经历几百年的发展,从特指国王授予的特许权含义,发展为包含垄断者、垄断市场结构、垄断状态、垄断行为等多种含义的概念演化历程。
The last chapter can be devided to four little sections . the former two sections mainly analyzed the practical route - choice in the reformations of infrastructure invest - finance system and the basic damands to adjust or innovate the government functions in the reformations of infrastructure field . then the article has given us concrete and useful suggestions to accomplish the innovation 笔者分析认为，导致我国现行的基础设施投融资体制局限性的关键原因之一为，政府在该体制中所扮演的行政性垄断者角色，即政府既是投融资政策的制定者和监督者，又是具体基础设施建设的提供者和实际经营者。
The chief pleasure of these philosophers lay in going every saturday night , when work was done , to chaseborough , a decayed market town two or three miles distant ; and , returning in the small hours of the next morning , to spend sunday in sleeping off the dyspeptic effects of the curious compounds sold to them as beer by the monopolizers of the once independent inns 这些哲学家们的主要快乐，就是在每个星期六的晚上收工后到两三英里以外的已经衰败了的市镇猎苑堡去一直到深夜过后的第二天凌晨，他们才回到家里，在星期天睡上一整天，把他们喝的那种有碍消化的混合饮料消化掉，这种饮料是从前独立经营的酒店的垄断者们作为啤酒卖给他们的。
