A previous study , published in 2004 by gao zhiqiang and colleagues from the institute of geographical sciences and nature resources research at the chinese academy of sciences , concluded that climate change between 1978 and 1998 had caused a decrease in plant productivity in northeast china 在先前的此类研究中，中科院地理科学与资源研究所的高志强与同事们在2004年共同发表过一篇论文，文中推断在1978年到1998年期间，气候变化导致中国东北地区植物生成力减少。
This paper proves the importance of the scientific concepts in middle school geography education from the aspects of all - round education and the students " moral education . it also makes detailed analysis on what the scientific concepts on geography contain , where they function and what teaching materials they prefer 本文从素质教育和学生德育教育的角度，论证了中学地理科学观念教育的重要性，并从地理科学观念教育的内容、教育环境和教材三个方面进行了详细的分析，针对目前地理科学观念教育的现状，提出了实施地理科学观念教育的途径和方法。
By doing questionnaire investigations to 45 undergraduates in class 0202 and 0201 of the school of urban and environment science of shanxi teacher ' s university about the evaluating of the pleasant impression quantity grade of mountain mian ' s front range , the artical gets the general evaluation results of the undergraduates of geography about the quantity grade of mountain mian ' s front range 摘要通过对山西师范大学城市与环境科学学院0202班和0201班45名本科实习学生就绵山前山风景区美感质量等级评价的抽样问卷调查，本文得出了大学地理科学专业本科生对绵山前山风景区美感质量的一般性评价。
The spd model is made by the ins titute of geographical sciences and natural resources research of chinese academy of sciences . it combines social economic factors , such as city and transportation foundational facilities , with nature factors , for example the digital elevation model ( dem ) and net primary productivity ( npp ) of plants to simulate the spatial distribution of population density of china by the advanced grid generation technology 中国模拟人口密度模型是由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所首先提出的，这个模型试图利用先进的格网生成技术，将城市、交通基础设施等社会经济因子和陆地数字高程( dem ) 、陆地植被净第一性生产力( npp )等自然因子相结合，通过模型的反演，模拟某一时期的中国人口密度空间分布状况。
Some thoughts about geography development are presented : ( 1 ) it should be stressed the study on present physical process of earth surface system and its prompt forces , promoting the combination of physcial and human geography at a higher level . ( 2 ) the innovation of geographical science should be quicke ned to promote geography to the world frontier . ( 3 ) using the abundant results of modern sciences and technologies to modernize geographical science . ( 4 ) as the bases of geography developing , data accumulation in field stations , analysis and simulation work in door should be paid more attention . ( 5 ) focusing on research of typical regions to embody the regional characteristics in research of geophysical science . ( 6 ) making full use of the present results of geophysical research to serve for the national economic instruction 提出了地理学发展的几点思路：加强地球表层系统现代自然过程及其驱动力的研究，促进自然地理与人文地理的高层次综合；加快地理科学的理论创新步伐，推动地理科学走向国际研究前沿；充分利用现代科学技术成果，促进地理科学现代化；高度重视野外台站科学数据积累及室内分析与模拟工作，为地理科学的发展奠定基础；集中力量对重点地区进行深入研究，体现地理科学研究的区域特色；充分利用现有地理科学研究成果，为社会经济建设服务。
Recent dialogues in geography and the social sciences have reminded researchers of the extent to which academic and policy knowledges are socially and spatially embedded ? that is , they circulate through formal and informal systems of publishing , exchange , commodification and cultural influence 最近，地理科学和社会科学之间的对话使研究者注意到，对学术的理解和政策的认识在社会上、空间上结合的程度究竟有多深? ?那就是，他们通过正式和非正式的渠道，如出版、交流、商品化及文化影响，使学术和政策得以传播流通。
Exploratory geography activity refers to in narrow sense experience activity , applicable for the exploring knowledge in geography field . it aims at discussing and mastering the ways and approaches of obtain scientific results instead of learning and memorizing geography knowledge or conclusion 探索式地理活动是指狭义的体验活动，适合于地理学科领域的知识探索，这种活动目标不是侧重于学习和记忆地理科学知识或结论，而是探讨和把握获得科学结果的方法和途径。
As a branch of this education , the objectives of the geographical all - round education are to equip the students with qualified knowledge , abilities and to internalize them into scientific concepts on geography and to externalize them into proper geographical behavior , with the knowledge and abilities at the base , the scientific concepts as the core and the proper behavior as the objective 为了在竞争中取得胜利，迎接21世纪的挑战，我国80年代末就已逐步推广实施素质教育，作为素质教育子系统的地理素质教育，就是使学生具备一定的地理知识、技能，进而内化为良好的地理科学观念，并外现为正确的地理行为的教育。地理知识、技能教育是基础，地理科学观念教育是核心，地理行为教育是目标。
This paper is an academic thesis about remote sensing information model and geographical mathematics . the author have studied a lot of remote sensing information models and geographical image information models . according to geographical regularity the author advance non - linear mathematics method which is geographical complex phenomena both of certainty and uncertainty to combine in an equation . that is from formal logic inferring to dialectical logic calculation . moreover , it is from abstract thinking to both of abstract and visualized thinking , which is image joining equation calculated . make a suggestion that the geographical parameters are different from the physics variables . thus initiate based on geographical science for mathematics . there are 4 parts as follows in this paper : the regularity of geographical phenomena ; general equation of remote sensing information model ; geographical parameters and geographical indexes ; significance of geographical image information models 从大量的遥感信息模型，地理图像信息模型的实践中，提出符合地理科学自身规律的非线性数学方法，解决了确定性与不确定性结合的宏观复杂性问题。从形式逻辑推理发展到辩证逻辑的计算，从抽象公式的计算发展到抽象思维与形象思维结合的公式与图像结合的计算。提出了物理变量与地理参数的区别，从而开创了以地理科学为背景的数学研究，进而为发展地理数学奠定了基础。
From the course target , contents , the study methods and the evaluation , it the method is everywhere a citizen geography science for characteristic for point outing the geography foundation the course reforming , namely " fix attention onning educating the student cultivated manners " ; the " is carefully selected to live and life long develop the worthy contents to students " ; the " leads to begin to practice , the independence study with cooperate the exchanges the study " ; " concern the student change to evaluate with the development ' s geography in the study process " 2 、四个特征为： “着眼培养学生的公民地理科学素养” ； “精选对学生生活及终身发展有价值的内容” ； “倡导动手实践、自主探讨和合作交流的学习” ； “关注学生在学习过程中变化与发展的地理评价” 。 3 、两关键：首先提出“地理基础教学的改革是地理基础课程改革成功的途径” 。
