Doing research systematically on the problems of urban land leasehold system can not only enrich the case study of institution analysis theoretically , but also can draw some useful implications for policy - making 系统地研究城市土地租赁制度问题，理论上可以丰富制度分析的个案，实践上可以为全面建立规范的城市土地租赁制度提出可供选择的发展思路。
The evidence from land reform and land market in development country imply that land sales markets will not necessarily lead to an optimal allocation of land in the presence of credit and insurance market imperfections 发展中国家的经验表明，当农村金融市场不完善时，土地买卖市场无助于效率和公平的提高，土地租赁市场比土地买卖市场更有效率( diningerandfeder ， 1998 ) 。
Topics include : agricultural issues : peasant behavior , land tenancy , and interlinked markets . credit and insurance market problems and institutions . health , nutrition , and productivity . gender bias . education . technological change . government failures 主题包含：农业议题：农民行为、土地租赁、连结市场；借贷及保险市场问题及机构、健康、营养及生产力议题、性别偏见、教育、技术改进、政府政策失败等。
Chapter 3 analyses the obstacles - - the vulnerable legal protection , vague understanding of the public , inexplicit objective of local government , distorted system of land rent , tax and fees and obsolete management methods - - of perfecting the leasehold system at first 目前，由于国家立法滞后、人们思想认识模糊、地方政府目标不明确、城市土地租税费体系不合理和管理缺乏创新等因素，我国城市土地租赁制度还很不完善。
This paper includes six parts and is organized as follows : after an brief introduction . chapter 2 attempts to apply the partial equilibrium theory of institution arrangement to probe into the process of urban land use institution changes in china and reveal its ultimate path choice 在对研究对象及理论基础进行简要说明之后，第二章运用制度供求和均衡理论，分析了城市土地使用制度的变迁过程，揭示了这个变迁过程的路径选择是城市土地租赁制度。
The ministry knows that competition for foreign investment is intense throughout the region and has even discussed possibly lowering land rental fees for foreign companies ( currently land rental fees for local investors are 40 percent less than those for foreigners ) 规划与投资的主管部门意识到区域之间对吸引外来投资的竞争已经日益加剧，甚至已经讨论可能会对外资企业降低土地租赁费（当前的情况是，本地投资者的土地租赁费比外国投资者的土地租赁费要便宜40 % ） 。
Chapter 4 comes to the case study of xiangfan city of hubei province . in chapter 5 , based on the theoretical analysis and the empirical study , the objective , some basic principles and the policy implications of perfecting the land leasehold system in urban china are put forward . the last part is the basic conclusions and discussions 第五章在理论分析和实证研究的基础上，提出了建设城市土地租赁制度的目标是理顺城市土地租赁关系，培育土地租赁市场，进而促进土地的高度集约利用和城市土地再开发，增强政府对土地市场的宏观调控功能；提高单位土地的使用效能，使土地不断增值，为城市现代化建设提供必要的资金和城市的可持续发展创造必要的条件。
To realize the reasonable allocation of land income , from the view point of institutional adjustment , it is suggested as follows : 1 ) confirm the land use pattern under a just and equitable land price by land evaluation to benefit the common development of not only government and collectives but developing and developed districts through the law to establish the construction land supply way by dividing a reasonable proportion between the collective - owned land and the government - owned land . 2 ) make the supply plan of collective land and its function mechanism under the guide of town land use planning 最终得出以下结论：征地问题具有复杂性和严重性：土地收益分配具有反作用；应对征地收益分配制度进行必要的建设并提出建议： ( 1 )通过土地评估制定公平公正的地价，确立在这一价格体系下的土地利用格局，并通过国家和地方的立法，制定政策法令确保集体经济组织可以通过集体土地租赁和城镇建设比例分成的方式供应城镇建设用地，使之有利于国家和集体，兼顾经济发达地区和落后地区的共同发展。
Land lease right has been taken on the character of property right ' s quality , but it is a kind of creditor ' s rights in nature . there are many differences between usufructuary right and land lease right , so we must prescribe these two kinds of rights in different places to meet the needs of different people 土地租赁权物权化的趋势似有扩张，但其债权性质不会改变，且具有设立灵活简便的优势，与地上权等用益物权有本质上的区别，应建立用益物权和土地租赁权的二元化体系，以满足不同土地使用权人对土地利用的不同需要。
The urban land paying - usage should adopt the diverse ways to adapt to the development of market economy in our country , in recent years , the state - owned land leasing system shows advantages because if s unique characteristics . but in our country , it is still in early stage . the text analysis the process of urban land leasing in fushun that is from land use fee to tax and fee to annual land renting 但是在我国，城市土地租赁制尚处于初级阶段。本文在阐述土地租赁制的基本理论关系的基础上，以抚顺市近二十年的国有土地租赁发展过程为例，归纳分析了其从征收土地使用费到税、费并收，再发展到士地年租制，体现了我国土地有偿使用从不规范到逐步规范的发展历程。
