The director obligations and liabilities , strengthening it relied on the " centralization of board of directors " in the power assignment of modern company , originated from a special fiduciary relationship between directors and company 董事义务与责任的产生根源在于，董事与公司之间存在一种特定的信义关系，而现代公司机构权力分配上的“董事会中心主义”则是各国法律强化董事义务与责任的基础。
Otherwise , the seller will bear the relevant civil responsibilities . that is , the seller takes the liability for warrant of defects . the liability for warrant of defects , which has stipulated in roman law , has a long history and involved in laws of different countries 瑕疵担保责任，各国法律均有涉及，罗马法上就有规定，我国建国后在民法理论中对此也作了肯定，在现行的有关法律中有相应的规定。
Part i is integrated circuits and layout - design , in this part , by analyzing difference in name and definition of integrated circuits and layout - design , the author brings forth that name of integrated circuits and layout - design is precise and advisable 集成电路和布图设计的称谓和定义在各国法律中有不同的表述，通过比较分析，准确界定了二者的称谓及其内涵，笔者进而认为使用集成电路和布图设计是比较切实可行的。
Good faith as a basic principle of the law , refers to abiding by social contract . it aims for balance interests between a party / parties and society through the party exerting his rights and implementing his obligation to achieve social justice 作为世界各国法律基本原则的诚信，是指对社会契约的信守，其目的是使当事人之间及当事人与社会之间的利益平衡，通过当事人以诚实、善意的态度行使权利，履行义务，达到社会的公正和利益的平衡。
So all the countries on the one hand try their best to keep the efficiency of contract law , on the other hand try to correct the caused imbalance in social fairness accumulating and forming experience and methods for us to learn in stipulating form contracts 为此，各国法律无不在力保其效率的同时，对其所造成的社会公平的失衡加以矫正，积累和形成了一套对格式合同规制的相对成熟的经验和做法。值得我们在立法实践和司法实践中借鉴。综观国外对格式合同的规制。
It starts with the definition of director , pointing out that director refers to the principal who has the rights to attend directorate meetings , participate in decision - making of company ' s important management affair and delegate the company , including board chairman , vice board chairman , executive director , director , administrative officer and syndic . at the same time , this article takes the legal status of director ( namely the relationship between director and company ) for the basis of establishing director liability . this kind of relationship has many theories such as entrustment , deputing and commission regarding to different legal culture tradition of different countries 文章从董事的概念、分类入手，认为董事是指有权出席董事会、参与公司重大经营事务决策、可对外代表公司的负责人，包括董事长、副董事长、执行董事、董事、行政长官、理事等，同时，认为董事的法律地位(即董事与公司的之间的关系)是我们确立董事责任的基础，而其关系视各国法律文化传统之不同有信托、代理、委任等诸多学说，都各有其道理，但笔者认为应定位为“法定”更为妥当。
In the world market , trade policy cannot ensure marker access because market access depends not only on the government commitment , but also on the market strategies of the domestic firms . competition policy normally belongs to the domestic law , which aims at ensure domestic markets competitive , so they do n ' t care world market 在目前情况下，由于各国法律规定不同，执行手段不同，因此对于这种行为的规制还缺乏统一性和有效性，只有通过制定共同的竞争政策，适用同样的竞争规则，才能营造公平的竞争环境，保证wto成为国际贸易的公平竞技场。
With the development of corporation and corporate structure , cognate trade happened , cognate trade becomes wide - ranging and is allowed by law because it can accelerate corporate management , reduce trade costs and promote corporate competitions . but , as it exists conflict of interests and must lead to unfair in trade , cognate trade impairs other interest subject and is restricted strictly by law . because of traditional system , there are cognate relation in complicated state - owned enterprises and cognate trade widely in listed company 关联交易具有促进企业规模经营、降低成本、提高企业市场竞争力等功能，在实践中得到广泛应用，也为各国法律所认可；然而，由于关联方之间存在特定的利益关系，关联交易不可避免地产生交易上的不公平，从而给其它利益主体(如中小投资者、债权人)造成损害，因而又受到法律的严格限制。
Specifically , this paper looks back to the founding process of the standards for marriage , comments on the advantages and disadvantages in the marriage legislation of various countries , analyzes , from the point of view of jurisprudence , the main standards for divorce in current china ’ s marriage law and their shortcomings by introducing concrete cases in judicial practice , and finally , restresses the significance of “ break - down of mutual affection ” as a standard for divorce and the necessity of taking “ living apart ” as the supplementary content of this standard 文章回顾了离婚标准确定的历程,评述了各国法律中有关离婚标准的良善,从法理学角度分析了几种主要的离婚标准,以具体案例为辅助阐述了我国现行离婚标准存在的问题,重申了以“感情破裂”作为离婚标准的意义,同时附加了“分居”作为识别标准的内容。
Part one : a general theory of the concurrence of civil liabilities . the paper analyes the concept , character and origin about concurrence of civil liabilities . the author introduces the foreign opinion and judical practice . however , the author point out the handle about concurrence of civil liabilities in china 这一部分分析了民事责任竞合的概念、特征，探究了民事责任竞合的缘由，介绍并评析了国内外有关民事责任竞合的学说和各国法律对待民事责任竞合的态度及我国的实践对民事责任竞合的处理。
