Biology , etc . owing to many merits has not yet been used to measure parameters of gratings . the paper researches on the subject in view of current lack of it . the main tasks of the paper include : analyzing ellipsometric characteristics of gratings in detail with vector diffraction theory and ellipsometrics ; devising a reflective quarter wave plate at normal incidence according to some ellipsometric characteristics ; making use of normal simplex algorithm during ellipsometric inversion of gratings parameters , inversing ellipsometric parameters with gaussian noise of different standard deviations to simulate actually measured values with examples of isotropic metallic and anisotropic step gratings and testing that ellipsometry about gratings parameters is feasible with the range of certain precision ; discussing choice of incidence angle at length 本论文的主要工作包括：结合光栅的矢量衍射理论和薄膜的椭偏理论，详细分析了光栅的椭偏特性；并且根据一些椭偏特性设计出一款正入射反射型单波长1 4波片；在光栅参数的椭偏反演中，引入正单纯形法作为反演算法，分别以各向同性的正弦形金属光栅和各向异性的阶梯型光栅为例，在标准椭偏值的基础上加入不同偏差的高斯噪声来模拟实际的椭偏测量值进行反演，在一定精度范围内得出满意的光栅参数，说明光栅参数的椭偏测量是可行的；还就入射角的选取问题进行了一定的探讨。
The result of a discussion about the statistical distribution shows there are different distribution forms between the data errors and estimated parameters in non - linearity inversion . the precision of estimated bottom sound speed is well than the estimated bottom density . although there is a same data errors distribution in perturbative inversion , the distribution of each inverted eof coefficient is different 统计误差分布的讨论结果显示：在非线性反演方法中，数据空间误差分布与参数空间误差分布不相同，这种匹配方法估计的海底声速的准确性好于对密度估计的准确性；在扰动反演算法中，相同的数据误差分布条件下，反演的eof各项系数误差分布不同。
For parameter a , there is a close relationship exist between a ( 9 , sr ) in two different radar incident angle that can be expressed as : with considering the effects of soil texture , we get the final expression of the inversion model : where mv ( t1 ) , mv ( t2 ) is volumetric soil moisture content in two different temp , c , d is soil type related parameters , and v ( t1 ) , s ( t2 ) is coresponding bare soil radar backscattering coefficients . inversion results show that for the c band hh polarized radarsat scansar data with a range of incidence angle from 20 to 40 , the soil moisture change value can be derived with an acceptable accuracy using the above model . the temporal and spatial soil moisture change patterns are associated with rainfall and vegetation cover , as well as the soil hydraulic characteristics 利用最新发展的电磁波散射模型研究了不同植被覆盖地表雷达波对地表土壤水分的敏感性，建立了半经验植被雷达后向散射模型; 2 ) .研究发现在农作物等矮小植被覆盖地表，植被层直接后向散射与植被类型相关，且在植被生长期，雷达后向散射系数对植被含水量的敏感性要高于对植被高度变化的敏感性; 3 ) .解决了单参数雷达地表土壤水分反演问题中，雷达入射角和地表粗糙度的影响这一难点问题; 4 ) .利用土壤介电模型校正了不同土壤类型对反演地表土壤体积含水量的影响; 5 ) .在以上成果基础上，建立了完整的单参数雷达地表土壤水分变化探测反演算法，经地表验证，模型反演地表土壤水分变化值的精度为rmse = 0
_ _ _ _ uncertain factors of macroscale inversion analysis of displacements are summed up . associated inversion model containing non - deterministic factors is proposed , i . e . " deterministic inversion of differential equation + systematic optimization technique = non - deterministic inversion " . the systematic optimization technique includes direct operator optimization , direct numerical analysis optimization , measurement design optimization , measured data processing , in - ersion algorithm optimization , and inverse operator regularization , etc . when this associated inversion technique is used in displacements back analysis , uncertain factors can be processed quantitatively 归纳了宏观尺度位移反演分析的不确定性因素，提出了容纳不确定性因素的位移反演分析的联合反演模式，即“微分方程确定性反演+系统性优化技术=非确定性反演”的模式，并具体论述了联合反演模式的系统性优化技术，包括正演算子的优化、正演数值分析的优化、测量设计优化、观测数据处理、反演算法优化、反演算子处理等六个优化方法。
Compared with straight ray tracing , inversion of bending ray tracing is better when data of test are accurate . on the other hand , natural weight is introduced and numerical simulations and experiments of wlm on inversion of velocity and attenuation are also made , which show that wlm , with resistance of noises and convergence of iteration , may get good re - construction images 本文引入了物理意义明确的自然权，对基于自然权的加权阻尼最小二乘反演算法( wlm )在速度反演、衰减反演中进行了数值模拟和试验研究，结果表明wlm均能获得良好的重建图像，迭代收敛，抗噪能力强。
The error analysis shows that the retrieved results especially the vertical velocity is satisfactory and can reflect the real three - dimensional wind field by and large . since the central positions of the mesoscale covective systems are approximately at the height of 4 - 6km and the retrieved results are perfect at 5 . 5km height , the retrieve algorithmic method that used in the paper can be used in the research work for the future 同时对速度的误差分析表明反演结果尤其是垂直速度的反演结果比较理想，基本上可以反映三维风场的真实情况， 5 . 5km高度左右反演效果非常好，而中尺度对流系统的中心位置大概在4 - 6km高度上，因而在今后的研究工作中，可以继续发展应用本文的反演算法。
