Phenomena where the proton - proton interaction takes place through the interaction between the constituent quarks inside the projectile and target proton by exchanging gluon which is a mediator of strong interaction described by qcd 在qcd理论中，质子和质子的相互作用是通过入射和出射粒子之间交换传递强相互作用的胶子来实现的。
In high energy experiment we measure the distribution of moment and energy and angled distribution of the outgoing particles that were produced by particle ' s collisions in different type of accelerators 粒子物理实验主要利用各种加速器射出的高能粒子相互碰撞产生新的出射粒子，然后对出射粒子的出射动量、能量、强度和角分布进行测量。
And it is also found that the polarized incident gauss beam become depolarized after emitting from the bottom of solid immersion lens . the beam dimension of the emitting optical field at the near - field bottom of solid immersion lens is " broadened " 在固体浸没透镜底面的近场区域，出射光场发生了退极化，使得出射总场的光斑有了一定程度的“增宽”现象。
When only allows the total internal reflection beams focus on the small aperture , which is formed at the center of metal film coated on the bottom of solid immersion lens , the optical fields propagated from the aperture of different dimension is first simulated 根据衍射超分辨原理首次模拟出了底面镀有金属膜、中心留有通光微孔的固体浸没透镜的出射光场分布。
When the energy distribution are represented by arbitrary tabulated function ( lf = 1 ) , some approximate descriptions ( e . g . simple triangular shape or rectangular shape ) of the energy distribution are applied near the threshold for some nuclides 一般近似的能谱形状有三角形分布(即用三个出射能点且线?线插值描述)和矩形分布(即用两个出射能点且矩形插值描述) 。
In this dissertation , according to the summarization of r & d and application of this kind of techniques , the theory , setup and experiment of grazing - emission x - ray fluorescence techniques are studied , which is used to characterize thin layer characteristics 本文在综述了国内外掠射x射线荧光分析技术的研发和应用的基础上，对掠出射x射线荧光技术在薄膜特性分析上的理论、装置和实验三方面进行了研究。
In theory , firstly , the theorectical considerations on soft x - ray are discussed . secondly , the conclusion is obtained based on the applying the lorentz reciprocity theorem , which demonstrates that equivalence of brazing exit and grazing incidence methods 在理论研究方面，首先讨论了软x射线荧光产生的原子物理相关理论；其次根据洛伦兹互换定理，得出了掠出射和掠入射两种荧光分析理论具有互换性的结论。
Some electro - optical crystals can result in birefringency when they are pressed by electric field , by controlling the intensity of the electric field , we can change the phase of the output optical beam , so the desired scanning direction can be got 它主要是利用某些电光晶体在电场的作用下，可以产生双折射的原理，通过控制加在光学相控阵中各相控单元两极间的电场强度，可以改变出射光的相位，从而得到所需角度的扫描。
In experiment , the alignment and calibration to the monochromator were described firstly . then , a gas - flow proportional counter and the multi - channel analyzer ( mca ) are calibrated by the radio isotope source 55fe , and the dead time , counting rate plateau and x - ray linearity have been measured 最后利用同步辐射光源做激发源，在掠出射方式下研究了si片上不同厚度单层cr膜和双层fe v膜样品产生的荧光光强和掠出射角的对应关系。
By using of an old monochomator , a set of grazing emission x - ray fluorescence spectrometer , which includes exciting source , fine sample stage , a monochromator , detecting sub - system and data processing sub - system , is designed and built with many limiting conditions exist in our laboratory 在装置研究方面，提出了掠出射软x射线荧光分析装置的结构布局要求，并利用实验室现有的一台单色仪，设计并建造了国内首台掠出射软x射线荧光光谱仪。
