In order to get the result rational , the author introduced the theoretical basis , principles of the water pricing , and then laid special stress on analyzing the elasticity of demand and price of water for agriculture 为了使研究结果更加科学、合理，作者从理论的高度介绍了农业水价确定的依据、原则和方法，并进一步对我区农业用水需求价格弹性进行了研究和分析。
3 . the price elasticity of dairy is larger than preference elasticity and the preference elasticity is larger than the income elasticity . that signifies that the price change the people ' s action more greatly than the other factors 由对乳品消费影响因素的分析可知：乳品消费的自价格弹性最大，说明乳品价格对人们乳品消费行为的影响最大，在自价格弹性中，酸奶的自价格弹性最大。
One should not assume that price elasticity of imports and exports is such that an exchange rate appreciation would necessarily reduce the current account surplus , or conversely an exchange rate depreciation would necessarily reduce the current account deficit 我们不应该假定进口及出口有足够的价格弹性：在货币升值时，经常帐盈馀必然会减少当货币贬值时，经常帐赤字必然会减少。
But the view that an exchange rate appreciation will make imports cheaper and exports more expensive to trading partners often prevails to such an extent that the price elasticity of demand and supply of imports and exports , and their interaction , are ignored 然而，有些人只着眼于货币升值会令有关经济体系的进口价格下跌及出口价格上升，而忽略了进出口供求的价格弹性以及它们之间的关系。
About explosive market dynamics where the time delay in respect of supply or demand towards a price signal on the one hand and the price elasticity of supply and demand on the other could result in enormous price volatility at huge social cost 记得曾在此专栏谈到市场大幅波动的问题，即若供应方或需求方对价格讯息及供求的价格弹性的反应出现时间滞后，价格便可能会极度不稳定，造成很大的社会代价。
The income elasticity of milk powder is larger than that of the packaged milk and yogurt . the preference elaticity of packaged milk is larger than the others . in the price elasticity , the price elasticity of yogurt is the largest 收入弹性小于价格弹性，并且其中数值最高的是奶粉的收入弹性；此外，本文引入了上一期的消费量这个变量代表消费习惯，上一期消费量的弹性数值介于自价格弹性和收入弹性之间，其中液态奶的数值最大即习惯对液态奶的消费影响较大。
Water quantity prediction is the base and premise of water price calculating . this paper uses moving tendency forecasting modeling , gm forecasting modeling and bp neural forecasting modeling to forecast the water requirement of the future , evaluates the forecasting results , and confirms the forecasting results ; the industry water price elasticity index and the resident water price elasticity are calculated with the multi - linear regression method ; the water resources value is evaluated with the marginal opportunity cost method considering the transferring water , other parameters are evaluated and estimated by using some methods of connecting with objective laws and estimation 用水量预测是水价制定的前提和基础，本文在进行水量预测时，采用移动平均法、灰色预测法和bp神经网络进行预测，并对预测结果进行了综合评价，确定出合理的预测结果；采用多元线性回归方法确定工业用水价格弹性和居民生活用水价格弹性指数；采用跨流域调水情况下的边际机会成本方法确定当地的水资源价值；采用主观判断和客观规律相结合的方法对其它一些参数进行了确定。
( 3 ) in the third part , we use eles to analysis quantities relation among our provincial town and village ' s consuming structure , especially conduct careful research on marginal consuming propensity , demanding price and basic living need . then we lodge current main problems of our provincial consuming structure ( 3 )第三部分，我们采用扩展线性支出系统( eles )对我省城乡居民消费结构之间的数量关系进行分析，特别是对边际消费倾向、需求收入弹性、需求价格弹性和基本生活需求等方面做了仔细研究，并提出了目前我省消费结构存在主要问题。
Abstract : the almost ideal demand sy stem （ aids ） is used to condition of analy ze systematically the food consumption u rban inhabitants of henan province and a n aids model is set up as a basis to ana lyse the elasticities of demand expendit ure and price （ own price elasticity and cross - price elasticity ） the results show that among the five major groups of foo d consumption ， grain and poultry and egg are major consumer goods ， 55 of total ex penditure in urban housholds tobacco ， lig ur and tea ' s shares are decreasing ， as in come increasing all foods have leap out of the shortage ， and the substituting rel ationship among the foods is expanding 文摘:利用几乎理想系统( aids )对河南城镇居民的食品消费状况进行了系统分析，建立了几乎理想需求系统模型，并在此基础上进行了需求支出弹性和需求价格弹性(自价格弹性和交叉价格弹性)分析，结果表明，在5大类食品消费中，粮食和肉禽蛋是城镇居民的主要消费品，约占食品消费的55 % ，烟酒茶消费份额随着人们收入提高呈下降趋势.各种食品跳出“短缺”困境，食品间的替代关系增加
