In the third part , analyze the market structure of petroleum drilling equipment manufacturing industry , and mainly analyze the industry centralization , scale economics , product differentiation and 第三部分,分析了石油钻采设备制造产业的市场结构,主要分析了我国石油钻采设备制造产业的行业集中度、规模经济、产品差别化和行业进入壁垒。
In the other way , the more acceptance degree the consumer believe gm food maybe have poison contains or impair the bio - diversity or there are huge difference between gm food and ngm food , the more negative the consumer is 消费者认为转基因食品与普通产品差别越大越倾向于反对转基因食品。消费者对转基因食品可能含有有害物质及影响生物多样性的确信程度越高越倾向于反对转基因食品。
This strategy can have obvious effect on the social welfare as well as on the market itself . consequently , it is of both practical and theoretical value to identify its connotation and causes , to compare the industries where it exists and analyze its effect on the social welfare 在这样的背景下,需要企业适时实施产品差别化战略,此种战略对产业市场结构的变迁具有作用的同时,对社会福利也具有重要的影响。
On the base of analysis of industry organize with the tool of scp , the paper concludes that low market centralization , small scale , behindhand system and lack of industry chains have been the main obstacles of the development of media industry in china 在运用scp范式具体剖析中国传媒产业组织现状的基础上,论文归纳出当代中国传媒产业化发展的主要障碍:市场集中度低、规模小、体制落后、产品差别化小、产业链缺乏等。
By contrast , the differential of industry products is lower than that of consume products . and the differential of the undurable consume products is higher than that of the du rable comsume products ; the differential of products in investment is higher than in intermediate industry 比较而言，工业品行业的产品差异化程度要比消费品行业低很多，非耐用消费品的产品差异化程度一般比耐用消费品要高，投资品产业的产品差别化程度要高于中间品产业。
On the relationship between the market structure factors such as industrial centralization , product differential , entry block , economy of scale , and market structure as well as market performance . this paper analyses the trading cost ( explicit cost ) system of our country ' s securities market , based on the above mentioned analytical framework and study path provided by the industrial organization approach 这一分析方法，为个别产业的具体分析和实证研究提供了理论基础和研究路径，其中尤其是对作为市场结构因素的产业集中度、产品差别化、进入壁垒、规模经济等与市场结构和市场绩效之间关系的分析。
Alfred marshall justifies the existence of medium and small enterprises by using some of the biological theories , such as the theory of species involution , the theory of metabolism and so on . among them the most noted ones are the law of tress growth in the forest , which is used to describe the development of enterprises ; chamberlain ' s imperfect competition theory , which illustrates the causes for the existence and development of medium and small enterprises ; and alfred marshall ' s " best scale " theory 马歇尔根据生物学中的物种进化、循序渐进、新陈代谢原理来分析中小企业存在的依据，其中比较著名的是用森林中树木生长规律来阐述企业发展原理；张伯伦等人的不完全竞争理论用“产品差别性”说明大企业和中小企业都存在产品差别，产品差别使中小企业得以存在和发展；还有罗宾逊等人的“最佳规模”理论等等。
1 , through the analysis on japanese pharmaceutical industrial organization , in the light of the framework of scp ( structure - - conduct - - performance ) which constitutes the principal part of the theory of industrial organization , we get the following results : the structure of japanese pharmaceutical industry is not very reasonable , which is embodied by its low concentration ratio ; the conducts mainly reflects its product abstract differentiation ; and the performance is very good 1 、依据西方主流产业组织理论“结构?行为?绩效”的框架对日本医药产业组织进行分析，结果表明：日本医药产业市场结构不十分合理，集中表现在市场集中度较低：市场行为主要体现在产品差别化方面；市场绩效较高。
After the first section , which is the introduction , i discuss the categories and types of product differentiation in the second section . in this section i termed the product differentiation as the fact that the similar products from different competing enterprises are not substitutable completely due to the differences in the physical attributes , the service , the information provision and consumer preference etc . the third section is mainly about the emergence mechanism of product differentiation . in this section i analyze , in the angle of demand , how the sales effort of the enterprises can lead to product differentiation 本文的分析遵循提出问题分析问题认识问题解决问题这一逻辑程序而展开,文章首先分析和界定了产品差别的范畴与形式,接着从产品差别的决定机制入手,着重从理论上分析产品差别的产业效应,分别从销售努力和研究开发强度两条路径较全面的清理了它们之间的关联机制,在此基础运用中国市场化改革以来的制造业各行业的数据对产品差别与产业赢利能力之间的关系进行实证
Chapter four makes some suggestions to china ' s future multinational operations . with china ' s entry into wto , chinese enterprises will face competition both at home and abroad . it requires joint efforts from governments and enterprises to implement " go - international " strategy : 1 ) to reform administrative mechanisms of governments and enterprises , 2 ) to fulfil scale effects by establishment of enterprise groups , 3 ) to increase international competitiveness by reasonable utilization of domestic and foreign resources , 4 ) to improve product design and promotion , 5 ) to set up explicit strategic goals in multinational investment , 6 ) to develop talents , 7 ) to enhance technology and develop integrative advantages , 8 ) to take flexible ways to enter foreign markets , 9 ) to implement diversification strategy 实施“走出去”战略需要政府和企业两方面的共同努力，中国企业跨国经营的发展首先是要改革政府管理体制和企业的经营机制，这是中国企业跨国经营发展的根本所在；同时要促进跨国企业的集团化以寻求规模效应；要善于发掘自身的技术和资源优势，实现内外资源合理配置，提高国际竞争力；要改进产品设计和宣传，突出产品差别优势；要有明确的跨国战略投资目标；要注意培养高素质的跨国经营人才；要提高科技水平，增强企业综合实力，而不能仅靠劳动力等方面的传统优势；在进入战略上也应因地制宜采取灵活多样的方式；同时要实施多元化的跨国经营战略。
