Ship registration means an administrative act to grant nationality , including rights and obligations , to a ship , which is a legal fact that the applicant who has title over a ship files an application with relevant documents to the ship registration authority , reviewing the documents , the authority will register the ship and issue certificate in the name of the state , if conforming to the legal requirements 所谓船舶登记，是指赋予船舶以国籍和权利与义务的行为，即对船舶享有某种权利的人，向国家授权的船舶登记机关提出申请并提交相应的文件，经船舶登记机关审查，对符合法定条件的船舶予以注册，并以国家的名义签发相应证书的法律事实。
The constitutive requirement for the substantial breach is the practical action of fundamental breach , which must have common breach character . in other words , the essential requirements the violation of the contract terms and its harmful consequence for the creditor and there is no need to require the subjective elements of the doer , which is the constitutive requirement of contract breach 根本违约是对违约行为的一种分类，它首先是一种违约行为，因而它也应具备一般违约行为的构成要件：一是当事人之间存在有效的合同关系，二是当事人的一方或双方实施有违返合同义务的行为。
The author points out that its constitutive requirements include the act of one party who breaches the pre - contract obligations , subjective fault of the party who breaches the pre - contract obligations , damages suffered by the aggrieved party , and the causation relation between the act in violation of the pre - contract obligations and the harmful consequence . the article further expounds the scope of application of the contracting fault liability , which includes the non - formation of the contract , invalidity of the contract , cancellation of the contract , the contract being formed but not coming into effect , the scope of compensation for the contracting fault liability should be confined to trust interest losses 同时分析了缔约过失责任的法理基础? ?诚实信用原则，并指出其构成要件应为：缔约一方有违反先合同义务的行为，违反先合同义务方主观上有过错，对方受到损害，违反先合同义务行为与损害结果有因果关系；接着进一步详细论述了缔约过失责任适用的范围：合同不成立、合同无效、合同被撤销、合同已成立但未生效；然后明确了缔约过失赔偿范围是信赖利益损失。
Execution and delivery by customer of this agreement and all contracts and other transactions contemplated hereunder , and performance of all of customer ' s obligations contemplated under this agreement and any contract and other transaction contemplated hereunder , will not violate any statute , rule , regulation , ordinance , charter , by - law or policy applicable to customer . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 客户根据本协定的所有合同和其他交易的情况的执行、交付，所有客户的合同义务的行为应依照这项协议和任何合同和其他交易的情况，不违反任何法规、规则,规章、条例、章程，法律或政策适用于顾客。
In the principle of imputation , the corporation law established the negligencism as a main principle , and the non - fault liability as an exception on the ground of " three capital principle " . the essential conditions of the compensation liability are : ( 1 ) for breach of the director ' s duty to the corporation , e . g . , simple breach of duty , lawbreaking , or action is in violation of articles of association , decisions of shareholders meeting and directorate ; ( 2 ) for acts should be the act of duty related to the corporation ' s business ; ( 3 ) bring on losses to the corporation , the losses includes direct losses , the losses of third party and its results in the corporation ' s interest ; ( 4 ) for 董事对公司承担民事赔偿责任应符合以下要件： ( 1 )董事懈怠职守，违反了所负义务，包括是单纯义务违反行为和违反法律法规、公司章程、或股东大会、董事会决议的行为； ( 2 )董事违反义务的行为是执行公司业务或与执行公司业务有关的职务行为； ( 3 )给公司造成损失，包括给公司的直接损失和给第三人造成损失后殃及公司利益，我国《公司法》的条文对有限责任公司要求是对公司造成“损害” ，对股份有限公司则要求致公司“严重损失” ，这应当是基于两类公司规模的考虑； ( 4 )有过错，指董事违反义务有故意或者重大过失，故意一般体现为滥用职权，过失是指疏忽职守。
There are four requirements for liability for conclusion of a contract : a ) one party violates the previous contract obligation ; b ) the party violated obligation is at fault ; c ) the aggrieved party suffers losses ; d ) there is causality between the behavior which violates obligation and the losses . the form to bear liability for conclusion of a contract is to compensate for losses , and the scope of compensation will be different according to the applying scope . the liability for conclusion of a contract ca n ' t be exempted because of force majeure , bu t when the force majeure occurs , abiding by the principle of fairness seems to be more accordant with fairness , good faith and original intention of legislation of liability for conclusion of a contract 需具备四个构成要件，即缔约人一方违反先合同义务，违反先合同义务的一方有过错，受害人受有损失，违反先合同义务的行为与受害人之损失有因果关系。承担缔约责任的方式是损害赔偿，并因适用范围的不同，赔偿的范围也有差异。但是，不可抗力不可以构成缔约责任的免责事由，当发生不可抗力时，适用公平责任似乎更符合公平、诚实信用及缔约责任的立法原意。
The behavior of breach of duty , which should be one of the elements of the prerequisite , mainly comprises of the following forms : the breach of the contractual duties , such as the duty of answering of inquiry , the duty of diagnosis , the duty of explanation and the duty of treatment , and the breach of legal duties , such as the breach of the duty of esteeming the patients " personal or property rights , and the breach of complying with the laws , regulations or orders 在对“侵权行为”说进行评价的基础上，笔者认为应以违反义务的行为作为医疗事故民率责任的构成要件。在对医疗单位的义务作了论述后，笔者认为违反义务的行为主要有这样几种形态:违反约定义务的行为，包括违反问诊义务的行为、违反诊断义务的行为、违反说明义务的行为、违反实施治疗措施义务的行为及违反转医义务的行为;违反法定义务的行为，包括违反尊重患者人身权和财产权义务的行为及违反遵守法律、法规和部门规章义务的行为。
This paper mainly concerns about controlling shareholder ’ s fiduciary duty which consists of four parts : survey on controlling shareholder ’ s fiduciary duty , civil law foundation of controlling shareholders ’ fiduciary duty ’ s generation , performance of controlling shareholder ’ s violation of fiduciary duty and judging standards , precautions and almsgiving measure of controlling shareholder ’ s violation of fiduciary duty 控制股东侵害公司和少数股东利益,违反诚信义务的行为有多种表现方式,如虚假出资、操纵市场价格、操纵利润分配、恶意出让控制股等。为维护公司和少数股东的合法权益,应对控制股东违反诚信义务的防范和救济措施两方面作出规定。
