The procedure requires the resources and infrastructure of an outpatient procedure unit , two assistants , intravenous sedation and post - procedure monitoring , with a total cost in the thousands of dollars 这个程序需要资源和病人体外操作单元的下部结构，两个助手，静脉麻醉，以及操作后的监护，整个花费下来要成千上万美元。
In this paper , the reinforcement method with steel plate adhering to a real queen - post girder in bridge was analyzed by using the space entity simulation model , and the effect was validated by load test on site 摘要针对某座桥梁下部结构盖梁采用粘钢法进行加固，对其加固效果采用有限元模型进行仿真分析计算，并通过现场荷载试验进行验证。
This paper discusses how to design main structure and foundation forms for arch bridges on soft soil ground by employing an example , zhengyang bridge , in kun shan , in order to provide references for similar projects 通过昆山正阳桥的设计，从结构体系和下部结构基础形式的比选，对软土地基上拱桥的设计作了初步的探索，以期为今后相关的工程提供参考。
In this paper , according to the demand of reliability - based evaluation , bridge is divided into three parts : superstructure , structure transmitted load and substructure . based on the reliability assessment of every member , holistic judgment is integrated 本文根据桥梁结构可靠性评定的要求，按桥梁的破坏路径将其整体划分为上部结构、传力结构和下部结构，在对构件进行可靠性评定的基础上，进行结构体系的综合评价。
Made up of two - storied lower huge platforms and three - storied upper building structures in the scale of 1 / 4 from the prototype , the model is tested under cyclic loading , and thus conducting the experimental study of the structure ' s capacity , stiffness , ductility , hysteresis capacity , yielding mechanism and failure phenomenon 通过对包括有大平台两层结构和上部三层结构的四分之一缩尺模型，在低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究，重点分析了大平台上部结构和下部结构的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回特性、屈服机制和破坏特征等。
We can design the inner force of the upper and under parts and reinforce them according to the results , of which we can pick out the informations about the t hick slab , and analyzes it individualy with finite element methods and calculate its inner force , rainforcing and deformation 把整体分析的结果，作为厚板转换层上部结构和下部结构构件进行内力设计和配筋的依据。然后利用整体分析中与转换结构有关的信息，对厚板结构转换层单独进行有限元的局部分析，求出板的应力、内力、配筋和变形。
The energy due to the beam ' s falling is overwhelming . this impact will do great harm to the sub structure . the beam ' s falling , mainly because the displacement of the pier ' s top supporting the beam makes the span become greater , or the pier ' s displacement brings the beam change its position , which makes it come away from the pier ' s top 对于简支梁桥，当地震作用发生时，落梁是一种主要的破坏形式，落梁的能量具有压倒性优势，冲击会给下部结构带来极大的影响，而坠落的原因，多数由于支承梁的两桥墩的墩顶位移而使跨度变大，或是因为桥台位移带动梁使梁错位，造成梁在墩顶处脱开。
First , the load effect influence factor to the steel truss transfer story , including temperature load effect and differential constrains at the truss end , relative stiffness change between the transfer story with its upper frame structure , and relative stiffness change between transfer story and its lower frame structure , is studied 首先，对钢桁架转换层的受力影响因素进行了研究。主要进行了温度作用与钢桁架端部支承约束方式对钢桁架受力影响的研究，转换层与上部结构相对刚度变化对钢桁架受力影响的研究，以及转换层与下部结构相对刚度变化对钢桁架受力影响的研究。
The ratio of story shear rigidity as well as the equivalent lateral rigidity ratio of story above the transfer story to the story under the transfer story should be designed properly to avoid the transfer story becoming weak story , thus the shear walls and the columns in the large base will not yield before the elements above the transfer story ; ( 2 ) the translation - torsion coupled effects and the vibration in the plane should be considered in analysis of structure with large base and muti - towers 转换层的设计除应控制层剪切刚度比外，还应控制转换层上部与下部结构的等效侧向刚度比以避免薄弱层出现在框支层，保证地震作用下落地剪力墙和框支柱不先于转换层上部结构进入屈服状态；大底盘多塔楼结构的分析必须考虑平扭耦联振动和楼板平面内振动的影响。
The shantou bay suspension bridge is the first mordern suspension bridge in china its substructures are mainly towers and anchorages this paper presents some of the key techniques of the substructures construction ， including the cable anchorage system setup ， the hydrated heat control in the anchorage ， construction of the foundation and bearing plate of the tower in the ocean ， the control of tower construction ， etc 汕头海湾大桥是我国第一座现代悬索桥下部结构主要包括索塔和锚碇本文介绍了该桥下部结构施工的一些关键技术环节，包括主缆锚碇锚固系统的安装，大体积混凝土的温控防裂，主塔基础和承台的海上施工，塔柱滑模施工控制等
