These genera and ephedra also hve advanced tracheids with a structure reminiscent of angiosperm vessels , whereas in other gymnosperms the xylem is composed solely of more primitive tracheids 这些属以及麻黄属植物和被子植物一样有进化的管胞，而其他的裸子植物的木质部只由很多导管组成。
Successful experiments have been demonstrated in arobidopsis , aspen , rice and citrus . although ginkgo is an old gymnosperm , its leafy ortholog will perhaps controls flowering time 虽然银杏是较古老的裸子植物，但由于leafy基因的保守性，银杏leafy同源基因也可能调控着银杏开花的时间。
Ching in 1978 ; those of the naked - seed plants ( gymnosperms ) follows that of kubitzki in 1990 ; and those of the flowering plants ( angiosperms ) follows the system of cronquist in 1988 标本是以科归类，蕨类植物采用了1978年的秦仁昌系统，裸子植物采用1990年的kubitzki的系统，被子植物则采用1988年cronquist的系统。
Through investigation to west lake spot in huizhou , it showed that the pot had 127 species woody plant which belong to 48 families , including 6 families 8 species gymnosperm and 42 families 118 species angiosperm 摘要通过对惠州市西湖风景区的木本植物资源的调查，结果表明该景区的木本植物种类总类为48科127种，其中裸子植物有6科8种，被子植物有42科118种。
Hofmeister aso showed that the gametophytes and sporophytes of seed - bearing plants were homologous with those of ferns and mosses and that the gymnosperms formed a plant group between the latter and the angiosperms 他认为种子植物的孢子体和配子体与蕨类以及苔藓类是同源的，还指出裸子植物形成了一个单独的组群，它是位于蕨类植物与被子植物之间的一个植物类群。
Cycadophyta ( cycads ) a phylum of cone - bearing gymnosperms ( about 75 living species ) with palmlike compound leaves and special coralloid roots at or near the ground surface , which contain symbiotic nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria 苏铁纲（苏铁类植物） ：包含球果的一类裸子植物（现存种大约有75种） ，它们具有掌状的复叶，在近地面处有特殊的珊瑚状的根，根内含有共生的固氮蓝细菌。
There are 1267 species of seed plants belonging to 528 genera in 121 families , including gymnosperms ( 9 species , 6 genera and 4 families ) and angiosperms ( 117 families , 522 genera and 1258 species ) in laojun mountain nature reserve in pingshan county , sichuan province 摘要通过野外调查和查阅资料，四川省屏山县老君山自然保护区有种子植物121科528属1267种，其中裸子植物4科6属9种；被了植物117科522属1258种。
As a general rule , forests dominated by angiosperms ( broadleaf forests ) are more species - rich than those dominated by gymnosperms ( conifer or needleleaf forests ) , although exceptions exist ( for example , species - poor aspen and birch stands in northern latitudes ) 作为普遍规则，受被子植物支配的森林（阔叶林）比那些受裸子植物支配的森林（松树或针叶林）物种丰富，虽然有例外存在（例如，种类匮乏的白杨和桦树生长在北纬度地区） 。
With the development of modem biological science and technology , great progress has been made in tissue culthe as an importam means of science study ginkgo is a gymnosperm , so its tissue culture is especially hard . at present , the research aboot ginkgo tissue culture and genetic transformation was limited and it has not been reported abollt its success , so it is very necessary to establish ginkgo regeneration system 随着现代生物技术的发展，植物组织培养作为一种重要的研究手段取得了可喜的进步，裸子植物银杏组织培养尤其困难。但目前银杏组织培养和遗传转化的研究并不多，成功的例子还没有。建立一个银杏的高频高效再生体系已是刻不容缓的事。
1 ) and the national important wild conservative plants list ( list 1 ) , there are 191 species of 152 genera in 83 families of the rare and endangered plants in yunnan province . among them , there are 17 species of 13 genera in 13 families of pteridophyta ; 24 species of 15 genera in 7 families of gymnosperm ; 150 species of 124 genera in 63 families of angiosperm 依据《中国植物红皮书》 (第一册)和《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批) 》两部出版物，分布于云南省范围内的珍稀濒危植物共计83科152属191种(不重复统计) ，其中，蕨类植物13科13属17种，裸子植物7科15属24种，被子植物63科124属150种。
