Translocation from endocytic compartments to the cytosol is the essential and rate - limiting step in the intoxication process of most toxins such as ricin , diphtheria toxin , shiga toxin and pseudomonas exotoxin ( pe ) . a number of these toxins are transported to trans - golgi network ( tgn ) , and in many cases such transport to the tgn is required for the translocation and cytotoxicity . in deed , 5 % of the ricin endocytosed by cells has been shown to reach the tgn 蓖麻毒素进入细胞的机理不甚明了，一般认为是rtb先与细胞膜受体结合，主要经过受体介导的内吞作用进入吞噬体，然后沿着内体、高尔基体、内质网等逆向分泌途径，有序地运输到内质网，最后从内质网转位进入细胞浆，在胞浆内攻击核糖体，从而抑制蛋白质的合成，导致细胞死亡。
The other is ferredoxin / thioredoxin system located in nonphotosynthetic tissue and cytosol of photosynthetic cell , which includes ferredoxin , ferredoxin dependent thioredoxin reductase , thioredoxin h . this two system constitutes important cellular redox regulatory system and can regulate the redox intercellular environment , metablism and signaling transduction 另一个是nadp ( h ) -硫氧还蛋白系统，该系统是由h -型的硫氧还蛋白、 nadp ( h ) 、和依赖于nadp ( h )的硫氧还蛋白还原酶(一种黄素蛋白)组成。
The cellular localization of hse was done by using in situ hybridization , the results showed that primary spermtatocytes and spermatids in seminiferous tubular have positive signals . the subcellular localizations of hsei and hseii were identified by gfp fusion protein . hsei - gfp fusion protein was evenly distributing in cytoplasm , while hseii - gfp was not evenly distributing in cytoplasm and there were many bright spots in cytosol 用gfp高合蛋白的技术确定hsei和hsell在细胞中勺定位，结果显示hsei gfp均匀地分布于细胞浆中，而hsell0fp则分布不均匀，在胞浆有聚集成许多荧光信号很强的点。
Studies revealed that p - catenin dissociated from ccc and translocated into free catenin pool in cytosol after it has been phosphorylated at tyrosine or serine residues , and in this situation , the ccc has been disrupted and cell adhesion function disturbed . a large amount of the free p - catenins in the cytosol can be degraded by the tumor suppressor apc , and the remains translocate into nucleus and bind to transcriptional factor tcf / lef in the nucleus and then promote cell proliferation related gene or anti - apoptosis gene transcription 当-连环蛋白酪氨酸或丝氨酸残基磷酸化后，就与ajs发生解离而游离到细胞浆中，此时细胞的粘附功能也发生障碍，游离到胞浆中的-连环蛋白，一部分被抑癌因子apc降解，一部分则转移到细胞核内，与核内的转录因子tcf lef结合，启动与细胞增殖有关的基因转录。
Not only can it be excited by visible light but also displays a spectrum - shift upon binding with ca + . moreover , it targets precisely into cytosol only , and thereby exhibits great advantage beyond flou - 3 and ruro - 2 . thus it is possible to use stdin - am to measure real - time variation of [ ca2 + ] in cytosol 同时细胞荧光图像分析显示， stdhi一am进入细胞后只标记胞浆c扩+而不标记胞核c扩+ ，是目前唯一的可以am酉旨型无损伤导入细胞、双波长、可见光激发的胞浆特异性c扩+荧光探针。
Mitogen - activated protein ( map ) kinase signal transduction cascades are routes through which eukaryotic cells deliver extracellular messages to the cytosol and nucleus , and the increasing evidences showed that mapks are involved in aba - , sa - or h2o2 - signaling respectively . in addition , plant guard cells have been a well - developed model system for understanding how components interact within a signaling network in a single cell 本实验在表皮生物分析的基础上，主要利用显微注射技术、膜片钳技术和激光共聚焦显微技术，运用专一性蛋白激酶抑制剂处理，探索蛋白激酶对蚕豆( viciafabal . )气孔保卫细胞中aba和sa诱导的h _ 2o _ 2产生及其信号转导影响机理，结果如下： 1
