At the same time gis has been applied in some new application fields . environment monitoring , cadastral changing management and traffic line changing management are in these fields whose common character is to realize the temporal property of geographical entity 同时，随着社会的发展gis出现了若干新的应用领域，如环境监测、地籍变更管理以及交通线路变化管理等等，他们共同的特点就是要求能实现地理实体地时态特性。
The characters between scan map digitization and manual digitization are compared . the error sources of cadastral map digitization are analyzed . the error analysis and error distribution tests shows that the error in scan map digitization is almost the same as that in manual digitization 2 、对扫描数字化与手扶跟踪数字化的作业特点作了比较，分析了地籍图数字化的误差来源，扫描数字化的误差分析试验表明，对1 ： 500的地籍图，扫描数字化的误差与手扶跟踪数字化的误差基本一致。
