The purpose of this article is to develop software for the water balance of power plant . in order to economize water reasonably ， the software considered the demand for all kinds of techniques conditions . it consists of many databases and many water treatment programs 本研究在综合了目前火电厂用水和废水系统的基础上，以合理用水和节约用水为目的，充分考虑了电厂不同工艺条件对水质和水量的需求，并以此为基础设计了更加完善的火电厂水平衡软件：包括各工艺环节水质水量等数据库及多种实用的水处理工艺方案。
This paper systematically analyzes the environmental effect of the ebinur lake area dynamic change and its influence on the railway along the lake , and the research establishes water balance equation of the ebinur lake , chooses the two characteristic phases , 1991 1992 , 1998 1999 , for computing , and concludes that since 1990s , water storage whether in low water period or in high water period is less than that of 1960s , whose lake area was 800km2 , and this area basically can reach the target of optimal eco - environment benefit 本文系统地分析了艾比湖湖面动态变化的生态环境效应及其对沿湖铁路线的影响。并通过艾比湖水量平衡方程式的建立,选择1991 1992年(枯水时段) 、 1998 1999年(丰水时段)两个特征时段进行计算分析,得出20世纪90年代以来,不论是枯水时段储水量,还是丰水时段储水量,均小于20世纪60年代湖泊水面保持800km2所需水量,而此水面基本可以达到湖区生态环境效益最佳的目标。
The membrane properties were found to be dependent upon the content of styrene . the membrane physic - chemical properties compare to nafion 117 except that their chemical stability has to be further improved to make them acceptable for practical use in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell . the proton transport through the membrane follows the " liquid - like " proton conductivity mechanism y and the water balance is important for the working condition of the fuel cell 对磺化膜的研究分析表明：膜的性能参数如离子交换容量、吸水率、水合系数、形体稳定性、导电性能、化学与热稳定性等依赖于膜中苯乙烯含量，且接枝苯乙烯相互间的位阻效应对膜性能影响很大；膜的性能可与nafion膜相比较；质子在膜中的传导遵循“似液体”质子传导机理；电渗析与扩散作用使膜保持水平衡。
The capsim model , originally developed by the center for chinese agricultural policy research of the chinese academy of sciences , is the first and most comprehensive model for chinese food demand , supply and trade analysis at the national level . the podium model , developed by the international water management institute , is a tool for accounting of water resources at the basin level . capsdvi - podium has been used as a tool in this paper for analyzing food security and water balance scenarios of china in 2020 based upon the database about food and water situation at the national level , provincial level , basin level and county level , hi accordance with such analysis , this paper puts forward policy recommendations for irrigation diversion of water , regional distribution of agriculture and food security 因此，论文将粮食需求和生产、灌溉需水和水资源保障紧密的联系起来，在不打破水资源流域特性的基础上，以全国和九大流域片为研究对象，通过利用全国、流域、省级、县级统计资料和农产调查及专家访谈资料所建立的包含农业生产、粮食供求、灌溉用水和水资源等指标体系在内的中国粮食安全与水资源数据库，以原来中国科学院农业政策研究中心( ccap )开发的以部门均衡理论为基础的农业政策分析和预测模型( capsim )和国际水资源管理研究所( iwmi )开发的以流域水资源核算理论为基础的水资源政策分析模型( podium )为依托，发展了capsim ? podium模型，利用该模型为工具，系统、全面地分析了未来全国和九大流域片的灌溉水平衡和粮食安全情景，在此基础上提出我国灌溉用水、区域农业布局和粮食安全政策。
Acceding to the theory of crop water requirement , maximum potential evapotranspirations are calculated by applying fao penman - monteith method , and then we obtain the water requirement , water balance and water correction factors ect . of main crops ( spring maize , summer maize , spring wheat , winter wheat , cotton ) and different type grasslands , and the space - time distribution regularities of water requirement of cropland and natural grassland are analysed , the result show : the water requirements of same kind crop in different areas are different , water satified degrees are different to different crops in the same area , and water requirement of same crop are different between years for climatic variation ; the water requirements of main crops are increasing from east to west and from south to north , water satified degrees are decreasing from east to west and from south to north . in growing season , there are deficits in crops water supply in most area , so the irrigation is needed to meet the requirement for crop growing normally 根据作物需水的理论和方法，采用计算精度较高的faopenman - monteith方法( 1998 )计算了半干旱区最大可能蒸散，并基于此计算五种主要旱地作物(春玉米、夏玉米、春小麦、冬小麦、棉花)和不同类型的天然草地的需水量、水分盈亏、水分订正系数等，分析了农田和天然草地水分供需的时空分布规律，结果表明：不同地区同一种作物的需水量是不同的，同一地区对不同作物的水分满足程度是不同的，而且同一种作物在同一地区随着气候的变化需水量也会有一个年际变化；主要作物需水量由东向西，由南向北递增，正常生长发育的水分保证程度由东向西，由南向北递减。
For this reason , our objective is the research of the mechanism of runoff generation and characteristics of moisture changing process of slope farming purple soil , accordding to the theory of hydrology and the intergrated - means of compined the hydrology with the peodology , because it is the basis of the studies : soil erosion and protection , farming - land water balance , non - point pollute , etc . , and the direction gist of runoff arrange implement , solving water hazard and management of irrigation and fertilizer 综观国内外有关研究，我们认识到对紫色土土壤产流和水分变化特征的认识，是认识该区土壤侵蚀与保护、农田水量平衡、非点源污染等的机理和规律的基础，也是解决该区水患问题、实施径流调节而提高旱地的雨水利用程度，以及水肥管理等的基本科学依据。因此，以水文学原理为基础，采取水文学与土壤学、地理学、水土保持学等相结合的途径，研究紫色土坡耕地的降雨产流机制与产流后土壤水分的变化特征，是具有新的科学价值和现实意义的。
On the basis of analyzing infiltration process to different soil and water conservation tillage measures type , a increasing infiltration r ates model for different soil and water conservation tillage measures type by using water balance equation is woke out . 4 . accumulation depth and soil crust have a better affect to soil initial stage infiltration rates and a little affect to soil stable infiltration rates ( 4 )积水深度和土壤结皮对初始入渗速率影响较大，对稳定入渗速率影响不大，随着积水深度和结皮厚度的增大，这种情况尤为显著，如在积水深度为5cm和3cm情况下，稳定入渗速率在黄土高原沟壑区分别为0 . 57mm min和0 . 56mm min ，在黄土丘陵沟壑区分别为0 . 94mm min和0 . 93mm min ，两者相差甚微。
Remote sensing provides an approach to monitor land surface energy and water balance over a large area simultaneously , which is very important and useful in researches and applications in global climate change , hydrology , ecology and agriculture etc . in this paper , methodologies and models on remote sensing of land surface evapotranspiration were investigated in details and validated using field and remotely sensed data , several novel concepts and models were proposed as the center part of this paper , and spatial as well as temporal scale problems were discussed in the second half of the paper 遥感替代点上的蒸发测量，实现大范围地表能量和水分动态监测，可以在气候、生态、农业、水文等领域中发挥重要作用，过去几十年的研究虽然取得了许多重要成果，但依然面临很多有待突破的重要问题。本文的主要特色是方法研究，对遥感计算地表蒸散的方法和模型做了较多的理论分析，数据验证，以及改进和创新，并对其空间和时间尺度问题做了一定的探讨。
The annual water consumption of these oases and their seasonal variations , water consumptions for different land uses , water uses by social - economy and natural ecology , water balance and components of water consumption in farmland , recharge and consumption of groundwater as well as the classification of groundwater evaporation are quantitatively studied 取得了包括绿洲年耗水水平、绿洲耗水的年内分布、绿洲各类土地的耗水、社会经济与自然生态系统耗水比例、农田土壤耗水平衡与耗水组成、地下水补给与消耗的组成及潜水蒸发的分类等的初步定量结果。
