现金交易

• The issuers are the most important providers , while the network operators and vendors only supply technical services , and clearing institutions are typically banks or specialised bank - owned companies that provide a service that is no different from that provided for other cashless payment instruments
  发行方是最重要的供应者，网络操作方和软硬件卖方只是提供技术上的服务，而要求方常常是银行或者银行所有的专门的公司，他们提供的服务与为其他无现金交易手段提供的没有区别。