( 4 ) on the basis of above mechanical analyses , the measures and materials for reducing vertical soil pressures acting on buried pipe are discussed , and then the calculational model set up in this paper being applied in engineering example of buried pipe with flexible filled materials , the even vertical soil pressure on top of pipe , vertical stresses distribution in the top plane of soil , the distribution of circumjacent soil pressure and the displacement field around pipe are all discussed ( 4 )在上述力学分析的基础上，探讨了上埋式地下管道垂直土压的减荷措施和减荷材料，并采用本文建立的有限元计算方法，通过计算填埋柔性填料的上埋式地下管道减荷模型，对管道顶部平均竖向土压力、顶部平面内土体竖向应力分布、周边土压力分布以及管道周边位移场进行了分析。
( 2 ) respectively by elastic theory analyses and methods of structural mechanics , transverse static analytical equations for flexible pipeline rigid pipeline are established whose outcomes are applied in numerical example to compare those with that by finite element method . ( 3 ) considering interaction of filled soil , pipeline and foundation , with an eye to non - linear soil model , in view of the initial geo - stress field and the effects of interface between soil and pipeline , and by finite element method the calculational model and method are built for transverse stress in pipeline . then , by the great finite element analytical software ansys , those outcomes are applied in calculation example of positive buried pipe to educe the distribution of circumjacent soil pressure and stresses on cross section and to compare it with that calculated by conventional ways before those outcomes are applied in engineering case of positive buried pipe with flexible filled materials to confirm distribution of soil pressures after the measure for reduction and to compare it with measurements . as a result , the model set up in this paper is proved to be applicable after all above - mentioned analyses 本文基于弹性理论和有限元原理与方法，分析了上埋式地下管道横向力学计算方法和性状并探讨了上埋式地下管道的减荷等问题： ( 1 )在分析现有几种典型的管道垂直土压力计算方法的基础上，探讨了影响垂直土压力的主要因素以及改进的方法； ( 2 )分别通过弹性理论分析法和结构力学的方法，建立了地下管道柔性圆环和刚性管涵的横向静力计算方程，并应用在算例中，把所得结果和有限元方法所得结果进行对比分析； ( 3 )考虑填土、管道和基础的共同作用、土体的非线性特性、初始应力场以及土体和管道的接触面因素的影响，利用有限元的思路，建立了地下管道横向力学有限元计算模型和方法，并且采用大型有限元分析软件ansys ，针对上埋式管道工程算例，得出了管周土压力以及管道横截面应力的分布状况和规律，并和理论值进行对比；针对施加柔性填料的上埋式管道工程实例，得出了减荷后的土压力分布，并和实测值进行了对比。
Based on the work done before , in this paper , the influential factors on the floatation response of pipeline buried in liquefied soil were studied , including the spring stiff of liquefied soil , the initial deformation , the length of liquefied area , the axial force acting on the pipeline , the material of pipeline , and the radius of pipeline 摘要本文在以前研究的基础上，对场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮的影响因素进行了较为全面的研究，包括液化土的弹簧刚度、管道的初始变形、液化区长度、管道的初始轴力、管道材料、管道半径等的影响。
At last , the law of deformation of pit bottom and surrounding surface in different stress state and in different excavating step is obtained , and the same to the saturatin g process of surrounding soil . to some extent , in predicting the deformation of surrounding soil and retaining structure in construction , in preventing the foundation pit accident from happening , in insuring the security of environment and regular use of pipes underground , and in giving advice to deep loess foundation pit engineering in practice , the conclusion is of theoretical and practical value 得出了不同应力状态下和不同开挖步骤时以及基坑周围土浸湿过程中黄土深基坑坑底及基坑周围地表的变形规律，所获得的结论对于黄土深基坑施工过程中周围土层及围护结构的变形预测，防止黄土深基坑事故的发生及周围环境的安全与地下管道的正常使用，指导黄土深基坑工程的实践具有一定的理论和实践参考价值。
The above - mentioned expenses for public works include the planning & design expenses , expense for land arrangement , construction cost , materials cost , and management & maintenance cost of roads , bridges , conduits , underground pipelines , park , green lands , squares , parking slots , children ? s play grounds , stadiums , as well as other facilities approved by the authority 前项所定公共工程费用，包括道路、桥梁、沟渠、地下管道、公园、绿地、广场、停车场、儿童游乐场、体育场及其他经主管机关核定设施之规划设计费、整地费、施工费、材料费及管理维护费。
