Abstract : according to investigation data of designing for bridge opening in china , in this paper the equations for estimating length of bridge opening have been established . the equations can be the reference for revising “ norm of investigation and design of highway engineering on hydrology ” 文摘:根据两次全国公路大中桥孔径设计资料的调查，对桥孔长度进行了全面分析，为《公路工程水文勘测设计规范》制定桥长公式提供参考
3 ) to meet the demand of hydraulic engineering design in large _ scale and multi _ major collaboration , a new collaborative design mode named passive collaborative design based on dfms is given , a set of study system is built and many core technique problems are studied in detail 3 )针对水利水电工程勘测设计中大跨度多专业协同工作的特点，提出一种基于dfms的被动式协同设计模式，建立了关于被动式协同设计较为完善的研究体系。
This thesis is one of the original work belonged to one special project organized by the central south design academe , national electricity company , which is called “ the stability and the excavating timbering of the artificial high slope on the left side of coal seam goaf of the xiangjiaba hydropower plant ” 本课题是国家电力公司中南勘测设计研究院专题研究项目“向家坝水电站左岸煤层采空区人工高边坡稳定性与开挖支护”研究的前期工作之一。
Has been working in the fields of the high class road feasibility study and design and of the feasibility study and design of large and super large bridges for years , he now possess rich experience in these fields , and especially in the designing , calculating , analyzing and consulting of large and complex bridges 一直从事高等级公路和独立大桥、特大桥的造价审核、可行性研究和勘测设计工作，尤其擅长各种大型和技术复杂桥梁的设计、计算、分析和咨询。
The design concept , system composition , system structure and software main feature of electronic drawing files network management system were introduced so as to comprehensively use the network resources and enhance the level of project files management of the exploration design units for reference 摘要介绍了电子图档网络管理系统的设计思想、系统组成、系统结构以及软件主要特点，为勘测设计单位综合利用网络资源、提高工程档案信息化管理水平提供参考。
With china entering into the wto ， the chinese economy is getting even closer to or being integrated with the world economy ， which brings great challenges and precious opportunities to the chinese engineering and reconnaissance business the chinese enterprises in this field can not afford to ignore the challenges brought by the wto and ， therefore ， it is absolutely necessary for them to analyze the new market environment and their competitors the author of this thesis tries to point out the target markets and market development strategies for the company ( sinopec engineering i ncorporation ) he is working for 随着我国加入wto ,我国经济于世界经济更加紧密地融为一体，这给我国工程勘测设计行业带来了严峻的挑战和难得的发展机遇。任何行业如果无视加入wto所带来的挑战，对加入wto以后面临的市场环境和新的竞争对手不加以细致的分析，从而采取相应的市场策略，必将为市场所淘汰。近15年来，我国勘测设计行业在改革开放大潮中历经演变，面对加入wto的新形势，国内勘测设计行业将呈现新的竞争特点。
