However , the advent of new molecular techniques has dramatically changed the nature of chromosome mapping in all organisms 新的分子生物学的方法的出现改变了所有生物染色体图谱的本质。
In mammals , each sperm has the haploid set of chromosomes and each egg has another haploid set 对于哺乳动物来说，每个精细胞都携带着构成后代的一半染色体（单倍体》 ，卵细胞则携带另外一半。
Allopolyploidy a type of polyploidy involving the combination of chromosomes from two or more different species 异源多倍体：两种或两个以上的不相同的物种杂交，杂种经染色体加倍形成的多倍体类型。
Autopoly - ploids may arise from the fusion of diploid gametes that have resulted from the nondisjunction of chromosomes at meiosis 同源多倍体通常可能来自在减数分裂过程中染色体不分离导致的二倍体融合。
The change of chromosome aberration rate for peripheral blood lymphocytes after injection of colloidal chromic phosphate 32p into rabbit knee joint cavities 磷酸铬胶体后外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率的变化
The classification of organisms based on cellular structure and function , especially on the structure and number of chromosomes 细胞分类学在细胞结构和功能基础上的，特别是在染色体的结构和数量上的微生物的分类
Chen yifeng ， luo lihua ， shan xiangnian and cao xiaomei 1981 the study of chromosomes in chinese primates . science press ， beijing ， china 4陈宜峰、罗丽华、单祥年、曹筱梅198l中国灵长类染色体。科学出版社，北京。
Generally meiosis occurs before gamete formation , resulting in the gametes being haploid ( having half the normal number of chromosomes ) 在配子形成前通常会发生减数分裂，产生单倍体的配子（染色体数为正常的一半） 。
Allopolyploids usually arise from the doubling of chromosomes of a hybrid between species , the doubling often making the hybrid fertile 异源多倍体通常由不同种的二倍体染色体组结合后加倍形成，染色体加倍后通常是可育的。
Calvin : simply speaking , life can be looked on as a complex chemical computer composed of chromosomes . it is a net system in chaos 简单的说，生命可以被看作一个有染色体组成的复杂的化学计算机，是一种处于混沌的网络系统。
