Scientists used wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe wmap to capture the cosmic portrait that reveals the afterglow of the big bang , i . e . the cosmic microwave background radiation 科学家利用威尔金森微波各向异性探测器wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe , wmap ，测量来自不同方向的宇宙微波背景辐射，展示了大爆炸后的馀辉。
Smoot ' s group at lawrence berkeley national laboratory and the university of california at berkeley is observing our galaxy and the cosmic background radiation that is remnant from the fiery beginning of our universe 斯莫特在劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的研究小组正在观察太阳系以及宇宙背景放射，而这种射线被认为是宇宙大爆炸之后的存留物。
In the beginning , the background radiation was more energetic than gamma rays . following the expansion of the universe , the wavelength of the radiation is also being stretched and is now reaching us in the form of microwaves 在开始时，背景辐射的光子能量极高，波长比伽玛射线更短，随著宇宙的膨胀，背景辐射的波长亦被拉长，最后成为我们现在所见的微波辐射。
By carefully studying the polarity of the background radiation , scientists concluded that the first generation of stars in the universe first ignited to shine at only 200 million years after the big bang , much earlier than expected 经过细心研究宇宙背景辐射的偏振情况，天文学家得出一个惊人的结论，原来第一代的恒星早于大爆炸后2亿年已出现，远早于早前的估计。
According to big bang theory , the early universe is a hot , dense and opaque fluid of electrons and protons . this hot plasma constantly emits , scatters and reabsorbs photons and is the source of the cosmic background radiation 根据大爆炸理论，早期的宇宙主要由电子和质子组成，是一团高密度极端炽热不透光的等离子体，它不断放射散射和吸收光子，是宇宙背景辐射的源头。
This dissertation gives detailed study to this 4d solution , especially to the equivalent or induced 4d energy - momentum tensor of the solution . it is found that this 4d solution can be interpreted as to describe exterior fields of a spherically symmetric star immersed in a homogenous and isotropic cosmic background radiation 本文对4维解，尤其是对该4维解所对应的einstein场方程中的能量-动量张量源，进行了详细研究，发现它可以解释为一个温度不为零的球对称星体的外部解。
Topics include : planets , planet formation ; stars , the sun , " normal " stars , star formation ; stellar evolution , supernovae , compact objects ( white dwarfs , neutron stars , and black holes ) , plusars , binary x - ray sources ; star clusters , globular and open clusters ; interstellar medium , gas , dust , magnetic fields , cosmic rays ; distance ladder ; galaxies , normal and active galaxies , jets ; gravitational lensing ; large scaling structure ; newtonian cosmology , dynamical expansion and thermal history of the universe ; cosmic microwave background radiation ; big - bang nucleosynthesis 课程的主题包含了：行星、行星形成；恒星、太阳、正常的恒星、恒星形成；恒星演化、超新星、致密天体(白矮星、中子星及黑洞) 、波霎、双x -射线源；星团、球状及疏散星团；星际介质、气体、尘埃、磁场、宇宙射线；距离阶梯；星系、正常及活跃星系、喷流；重力透镜；大尺度结构；牛顿宇宙学、宇宙的动力膨胀及温度发展历史；宇宙背景微波辐射；大霹雳核合成。
