Investment or cooperation condition into shares and share holding rights of the enterprise or even though it does convert its investment or cooperation condition into shares and rights , the conversion will not be considered at all or only considered to limited extent when distributing dividends , shouldering losses , paydebts and redistributing leftover properties while terminating cooperation . administration and reclamation of investment can be conducted in a different way from that of joint venture enterprises 中外合作经营企业与中外合资经营企业最主要的区别是，合作各方的投资或合作条件可以不折算成股权，或者虽折算成股权，但收益分配风险承担债务分担及企业终止时剩余财产的分配等，可不按投资的股权状况来决定，投资回收方式和经营管理方式也可与合资企业不同，有更大的灵活性。
As to the management about economic capital , it means using the capital to restrict the rise of assets which is risky at the base of the measurement of capital , controlling the economic capital and insuring to gain the necessary return , in order that the development 、 benefit and the risk burden can harmonize 经济资本管理,就是指在明确经济资本计量范围和方法的基础上,以资本制约风险资产的增长,将经济资本控制在既定范围内,并确保获得必要的回报,使业务发展的速度、效益与风险承担能力相协调。
Because the banking law system of the united states is in the world leading level , its provisions in the fundamental rights and obligations of the parties in the banking card transactions such as the protection of cardholders , the bank ’ s bear of the risks , contractual businessmen ’ s risks of responsibility , etc . , also deserve our emulation 由于美国银行法体系在世界上处于领先水平,其对银行卡交易各方基本权利义务的规定,如持卡人的保护、银行的风险承担、特约商户的风险责任等等,也值得我们借鉴。
Re can be further broken down into the activities of fact - finding ( identification of sources of requirements or stake - holders as we will call them in rest of this document ) , information gathering ( getting the “ wish - list ” from all the relevant parties ) and integration ( documenting & refining the “ wish - list ” through repeated analysis until it is self - consistent ) 需求捕获可进一步分为查找需求源（识别需求的提出人或则称之为风险承担者，即产品涉及其利益的人，在该文档其余部分将继续使用风险承担者这个词） ，网罗信息（收集各方面人员的对产品的要求，得到“期望列表” ）和整和（反复分析“期望列表”直到前后一致，得到文档化，提炼后的“期望列表” ）等活动。
The issues of residual claim and residual rights of control , the risk taking and return distribution become more and more significant as the discussion of property right is going on and the bodies of property right is clearer , and all of the issues are much concerned with the arrangement of corporate governance . 2 . the corporate governance is of importance when the principal - agent model prevails in the medium and large scale of companies and the firm as a contract is incomplete 从理论层面上看，随着对产权问题讨论的不断深入，产权主体的相对明确，剩余索取权和控制权安排、风险承担及收益分配等问题变得越来越重要，而这些问题无一不与公司治理结构安排密切相关；委托代理及企业合约设计问题在企业理论中的地位越来越重要，因而也越来越受到学术界的重视，当委托代理关系在大中型企业十分流行且企业合约设计存在缺口时，公司治理结构就变得更为重要了。
To establish a standardised credit evaluation system for the purpose of evaluating the clients " credit risks in a standardised way ; 2 . to establish a systematic credit approval system for the purpose of improving the credit approval procedures so that there can be a better balance between the credit risk and the relevant income ; 3 . to establish an effective approved credit management system for the purpose of monitoring the approved credit so that unacceptable credit risk can be detected and prevented 根据笔者多年的信贷实践和借鉴国外先进银行同业的经验，要建立健全有效的信贷管理机制，其核心应包括三方面的内容：一是要建立针对客户的统一授信评价体系，以统一识别、衡量客户的价值及风险；二是建立健全科学的授信决策机制，通过完善的决策程序来提高信贷决策水平，以在风险承担与风险收益的合理权衡中做出抉择；三是建立健全有效的贷后管理体系，通过动态的监控和有效的风险预警机制，及时发现信贷风险隐患，并籍此采取有效措施加以防范、化解。
I understand and agree that the government will not be liable for any risk of using the govhk gadget , and will not have or accept any liability , obligation or responsibility whatsoever for any loss , destruction or damage including without limitation consequential loss , destruction or damage however arising from or in respect of any material and or data downloaded or otherwise obtained in relation to the govhk gadget 我明白并且同意：政府不会就任何使用小工具的风险承担任何法律责任；因下载或以其他方式取得与小工具相关的材料及或数据而引致或所涉及的损失、毁坏或损害(包括但不限于相应而生的损失、毁坏或损害) ，政府概不承担任何法律责任、义务及责任。
Based on the comparative angle , states enterprises " entrustment theory , and reveals present situation and questions of state - owned enterprise entrustment , and gives some new points and thoughts to found and perfect the system of state - owned enterprise entrustment . then , the thesis deeply probed into accounting problems in state - owned enterprises " entrustment , including property right , assessment , benefit of division , risk bearing method , accounting treatment of entrustment cost . on basis of the analysis and entrustment practice of zhengyuan - weifeng , author thought enterprises " entrustment fits the reality choose of state - owned enterprises , and it is an effective reformatory model of state - owned enterprises 作者从比较法的角度，阐述了企业托管的一般理论，揭示了目前我国国有企业托管的现状及问题，为建立和完善我国国有企业托管体系提出一些新观点和新思路，对国有企业托管中的财务会计问题，包括托管中的产权问题、资产评估、利益分配及风险承担方法、托管费的会计处理等进行了深入的理论探讨和分析，并在此基础上结合正圆?维丰的托管财务实践，认为企业托管能够直接进行企业财产权的重组，适合我国国有企业的现实选择，是一种有效的国有企业改革方式。
In this paper , to the problems exiting in the culture of resource exhausted areas economic growth , the author analyses the reason for which interest - seeking capital would n ' t cooperate with governmental policy on economic growth education . one may be that the investment risks have exceeded the limits that investors can sustain ; the other may be that the social mechanism of risks conduction and diversification of venture capital is not sane 本文针对资源枯竭型地区经济增长点培育过程中存在的问题，指出趋利性资本之所以不配合政府经济增长点培育政策，一方面可能是投资创业的风险很高，超过了投资者的风险承担能力；另一方面可能是投资运营风险的社会疏导、分散机制不健全。
And this mechanism reflects the objective demand of the technology innovation as a social activity , it follows the principle of the balance between the risk and profit , the integration between the individual profit and social benefit , many facets of risk undertaking , independence of the risk undertaking , it can be divided into crosswise social cooperative proportion mechanism and vertical social transferred mechanism , crosswise social cooperative proportion mechanism is on the basis of space 不同技术创新主体规避风险行为的集合,形成了技术创新风险社会分摊机制。这种机制反映了技术创新作为一种社会活动的客观要求,它遵循着风险与收益对称性、个体收益与社会收益相统一性、风险承担主体多元化、风险承担主体相依性等原则,可分为横向社会联合分摊机制和纵向社会转移机制。
