Research on envelope protein - based hcv vaccine demands a prompt solution to the problems of detection of antigen and evaluation of post - vaccination immune responses , which requires large amounts of highly purified envelope proteins and corresponding antibody or antiserum 基于被膜蛋白的hcv疫苗研究急需解决抗原检测和疫苗接种后的免疫反应评价的问题，需要首先得到大量高纯度的被膜蛋白抗原及其相应抗体或抗血清。
But the extensive cross - reactivity and the lacks of the ideal antisera make it difficult in technique and the false result . furthermore , the lack of the standard antisera also cause the " blank " result in a few newly discovered alleles 但血清学方法不仅存在着广泛的交叉反应和难以找到理想的抗血清而出现技术上的困难和分型判断误差，还会有许多新发现的等位基因却缺乏相应的标准抗血清，导致个别基因型无法检出。
The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cdna probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them 采用cdna探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
The protein accounting for the total was approximately 11 . 80 % . the peptide was synthesized according to the sequence of grb - ast7 . since ast7 is a hapten , it was conjugated to the carrier proteins bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) using l - ethyl - 3 - ( dimethyl - aminopropyl ) carbodiimide ( edc ) 根据ast _ 7氨基酸序列合成小肽，用edc做偶联剂把合成的半抗原小肽与载体bsa偶联成完全抗原，免疫家兔三次后，采血收集抗血清，用elisa测定效价为1 400 。
3 . preparation of polyclonal antiserum against angiotensinogen in order to study agt in protein level and also for other continuing work , the c - teminus of rat angiotensinogen was expressed in e . coll . rabbits were immunized by this expressed 6his - agtc protein and serum from different rabbits were raised 血管紧张素原多克隆抗血清的制备为研究agt蛋白表达及后续工作，在大肠秆菌中融合表达了agt蛋白的c末端，以此融合蛋白为抗原免疫家兔，制备抗血清。
By immunizing rabbits with aa 192 - 326 fragment , polyclonal sera were obtained that were able to recognize e1 proteins expressed in both e . coli and mammalian cells , suggesting that e . coli - derived e2 proteins carried hcv e1 - specific , glycosylation - and - conformation - independent epitopes 利用aa192 - 326免疫家兔，获得了可识别大肠杆菌和哺乳动物细胞表达之e1蛋白的多抗血清，表明大肠杆菌系统表达的e1蛋白携带有hcve1特异的、不依赖于糖化和立体构象的抗原决定簇。
The results from sds - page presented that there were three female specific protein subunits with molecular weights of 123 kd , 120 kd and 91 kd , respectively . we can conclude the higher molecular compose of two subunits ; the results from two dimension electrophoresis showed the isoelectric points of two female - specific spots with molecular weight of about 120kd were 5 . 5 and 5 . 7 . immunodiffusion reactions demonstrated that vg existed both in female fat body and hemolymph , which as vn was deposited in the ovary , while not in the male Page电泳结果表明：丽蝇蛹集金小蜂明显存在2条雌特异性带-卵黄蛋白，分子量分别为181kd和136kd ； sds - page电泳分析：存在3条雌特异性带，其分子量为123kd 、 120kd和91kd ，由此，可推定卵黄原蛋白( vitellogenin ， vg )和卵黄磷蛋白( vitellin ， vn )由2个蛋白组成，其中分子量较大的蛋白由2个亚基组成；双向电泳结果显示，在120kd附近有两个特异性点，其等电点为5 . 5和5 . 7 ；双扩散表明，丽蝇蛹集金小蜂卵黄磷蛋白的抗血清与雌隐成虫虫体、脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢匀浆液均有免疫沉淀反应，而与雄蜂血淋巴无免疫反应，说明了vg与vn具有免疫同源性，是雌特异性蛋白，且由脂肪体合成。
This modification includes : ( 1 ) selecting two important molecules as candidates , ( 2 ) choosing a promiscuous t - cell epitope , and two b - cell epitopes or conserved amino acid sequences from the two important molecules , ( 3 ) connecting them adequately through analysis by the molecule designing software . therefore , the synthetic new antigen may interfere with the process of fertilization by multiple ways and its contraceptive effects may be enhancing . based on the molecule designing methods , the b - lymphocyte cell epitope of sperm / testis specific protein sp17 and cyritestin which interfere with fertilization in mouse , as well as the promiscuous th cell epitope of the ribonuclease ( rnase ) in bovine were selected 本研究以蛋白质分子设计的理论和方法研究避孕疫苗，将sp17和cyritestin关键表位和牛核糖核酸酶非选择性th细胞表位合理组合，获得新抗原- 35肽序列；并在合成、纯化后分别与弗氏佐剂、免疫刺激复合物( iscoms )混合后免疫不同遗传背景的雌性小鼠，观察血清和生殖道内的特异性抗体滴度的动态变化、生育力的改变以及免疫后小鼠重要脏器的组织病理学改变：以及在ivf下，新抗原的特异性抗血清对精卵相互作用的影响及抗原在精子表面的特异性定位。
Under the conditions of sds - page , it depolymerized into only one subunit of 28 kd , which reveal that the subunit of purified ferritin of pea is undivided 4 . preparation of antiserum of pea ferritin the purified pea ferritin was mixed with freund ' s complete adjuvant or freund ' s incomplete adjuvant , and then administered through palmula , back , abdominal cavity , vena auricularis and other routes for rabbits . seven weeks later , the litre of antiserum reached 1 i 32 4 、免疫家兔制备豌豆铁蛋白抗血清民二功寻咬径b一仑一以纯化的豌豆铁蛋白作为抗原，并分别加入弗氏完全佐剂和弗氏不完全佐剂等兔疫家兔，经过足掌、背部皮下、腹腔和耳静脉等途径进行免疫， 7周后获得效价高达1 ： 32以上的豌豆铁蛋白抗血清。
The deleted mutant pap gene was also cloned into yeast secreted expression ppic9k vector to form ppic9k ~ 3 , then the vector was transferred into pachia pastoris gs115 strain . the specific expression protein was secreted into the medium after inducing with methanol and the protein amount reached about 50 - 60 u g per millilitre measured by uv - absorbed methods in the supernatant of the medium via high density fermentation . sds - page results showed that there was one protein band in the gel which molecular weight was about 34ku 将缺失型pap基因克隆于酵母分泌型表达载体ppicgk构成重组载体，然后导入毕赤酵母（ p8chianastoris ）菌株gslls细胞中，在甲醇的诱导下，经过酵母高密度发酵进行pap的表达，经sds page分析，结果表明，在培养基上清液中含有一明显的特异性蛋臼条带，大小为34ku ，经western blotting分析，该蛋白与法国pap抗血清有特异性反应，体外活性检测表明该蛋白对tmv的侵染性具有高度的抑制性，说明该pap基因在毕赤酵母gs中也得到了正确表达。
