Bottom - up processing and feature detecting theory based on strong electrophysiological evidences has played a dominant role in the visual research for long time . people know top - down processing just by common sense . knowledge or experience are recalled from memory by reactivation of their neural representations and affected visual processes . however recently , researches from human and monkey provide experimental evidences for top - down processing . first , mnemonic representation of visual objects and faces , located in the ventral processing stream of visual perception in monkey , provide the best evidences of how neuronal codes are created by neurons that have the special ability to link the representations of temporally associated stimuli ; second , experiments suggest that not only bottom - up signals from the retina but also top - down signals from the prefrontal cortex can trigger the retrieval of associative codes , which may serve as a neural basis both for the conscious recall and for the visual processes affected by top - down processing further studies will improve people s understanding of the causal relation of activation and behavior by use of combined fmri and electrophysiology or lesion studies 联想性编码是通过学习由一些具有特殊功能的神经元建立的，这些神经元具有将时间性关联刺激的表征联系起来的能力。其次，不仅来自视网膜的底-顶信号，而且来自前额叶的顶底信号都能触发联想性编码的提取，既可以作为有意识回忆的神经基础，又是顶-底加工影响视觉过程的基础。脑损伤病人研究具有高时间分辨率的人类功能性核磁共振成像functional magnetic resonance imaging , fmri和猴fmri研究以及猴细胞电生理分析相结合,将进一步加强人们对视觉脑机制的全面理解。
Based on the conclusion of analysis above , we make the following conclusions : ( 1 ) by using cointegration theory and granger causal test , the study for the relation between energy consumption and economic increase shows that it is unidirectional causal relation from energy consumption to economic increase , and there is a long - term balance between them 基于以上定性和定量分析,本文得出了以下几点结论: ( 1 )通过对我国能源消费与经济增长关系的协整和granger因果检验表明,我国能源消费和经济增长之间是单向的从能源消费到经济增长的因果关系,且它们之间存在长期均衡关系。
Then this paper analyses the possible impacts of china stock market on economic growth , including raising the social marginal productivity of capital , the amount of saving funnelled to investment and speeding the reform process of the state - owned enterprises . empirically , this paper invests the interaction between stock market and economic growth in china by using regression analysis , bivariate granger causal relation test and impulse response analysis 当我们将眼光投向新兴的中国股票市场时，我们发现中国经济增长的现实条件已经对股票市场进一步的发展提出要求，中国股票市场不能仅仅是为国有企业融资的廉价场所，经济发展既需要股票市场为其疏通融资渠道，加速有效资本积累速度，又需要发挥股票市场基本功能激励企业家创新精神，为国有企业改革提供产权交易平台，为中国经济的持续增长发挥重要作用。
There are two evident cyclonic eddies whose centers lie at 34 n , 164 band 33 n , 176 e , and two evident anti - cyclonic eddies whose centers lie at 33 n , 175 e and 32 n , 162 . 5 e . the result seems to suggest a causal relation between the formation , evolution and disappearance of the eddy and the kuroshio meander path 其中比较明显的涡旋包括中心位置分别位于34on ， 164oe和33 “ n ， 176 “ e附近的两个气旋涡和中心位置在33on ， 175oe和32on ， 162 . 5oe的两个反气旋涡。本文认为涡旋的形成、发展与消亡与黑潮路径的弯曲程度以及主轴流速的大小有着密切的因果关系。
It extends fuzzy cognitive maps fcms to represent andreason not only simple cause - effect relations , but also time - delaycausal relations , conditional probabilistic causal relations andsequential relations . the mathematical model and dynamic behaviors ofkm are presented . experiments show that , under certain conditions , thedynamic behaviors of km can translate between different states 因此，需要对模糊认知图进行进一步的扩展，本文提出了知识图的数学模型来解决认知图推理与表示过程中存在的某些缺陷，从而使新的图模型能表示知识网格语义网格资源中存在的因果关系以及因果关系之间的不确定性，并通过实验对这种模型的动态行为进行讨论。
For example , w . rostow considered that the growth of economy was aroused by leading industry , and industrial structure took a very important role in the economy growth ; h . chenery considered that industrial structure and economy growth had a bidirectional causal relation ; however , the most influencing theory was brought forward by s ? kuznets , who considered that it was economic growth which caused the variance of industrial structure advancement , etc . according to cointegration theory and granger causality theory , this paper , based on the summary of multitudinous scholars ’ research literature , carries a positive analysis to the relationship between industrial structure and economic growth , using the time serial data from 1978 to 2003 by 分析结果验证了配第?克拉克定律的正确性即经济的增长是就业人口向第三产业转移的原因,但却否认了库兹涅茨的收入决定论,即至少在我国,产业结构的演进是经济增长的原因而不是相反。同时,本文还原创性地论证了,我国的经济增长与产业结构之间存在惟一的动态均衡关系即协整关系,产业结构与经济增长之间短期波动与长期均衡关系存在于根据协整方程建立的向量误差修正模型之中。
The relations between neoconservatism and bush administration ' s foreign policy have been discussed too much since george w . bush took his office . though a lot of articles tended to give a detailed description of neoconservatism and its effect on bush ' s foreign policy , it is still hard to say we have figured out the real degree of neoconservatism influence on bush ' s foreign policy and can indicate the causal relations between them 本文首先梳理了学术界在这方面现有的研究成果，指出当前的研究框架难以澄清新保守主义对布什政府外交影响大小并确定相互间的因果关系，从而引出本文的研究问题：在何神情况下布什政府会选择新保守主义型外交政策
