This 52 - year - old male patient presented with unilateral left - sided nasal obstruction , purulent nasal discharge nad occasional epistaxis for several years 局部检查发现左侧下鼻甲后端有一结节样肉芽肿块，经病理切片及结核菌培养试验证实为结核症。
Some continental birds and mammals , for example , have poorly developed respiratory turbinates or nasal passages no larger than those of dinosaurs of similar size 比如说一些种类的陆生鸟类与哺乳类的呼吸鼻甲骨或者呼吸道发育，并不比同样大小的恐龙更发达。
Conclusion it is possible that the structure of reserved middle turbinate may return to normal and it is important to save the middle turbinates to improve clinical cure rate 结论内窥镜鼻窦手术中经适当处理保留的中鼻甲有恢复正常的趋向，并对术后术腔恢复和提高临床治愈率有积极作用。
Nasal endoscopy allows demonstration of structures that are difficult to visualize . the region of the middle meatus is examined carefully , and presence of paradoxical curvature or concha bullosa is noted 鼻内窥镜能显示鼻腔内肉眼无法看到的结构，可以仔细的检查中鼻道区域和显示异常的弯曲和泡性鼻甲。
The anterior face of the middle turbinate is incised and the concha bullosa identified . it is then sectioned vertically with straight scissors up to its posterior limit . the lateral portion is then removed , opening the region of the middle meatus 从中鼻甲的前面切入后识别并用直剪垂直分开泡性鼻甲至其后界，接着移去泡性鼻甲的侧面，暴露中鼻道，此时可以即可显示窦口鼻道复合体的结构。
Results : in the 35 normal subjects with normal resonance , the cross - sectional area over the anterior end of the inferior turbinate was not increased in four subjects after spray application , and another one was assessed as hypernasal by a speech pathologist 结果： 35名鼻腔共鸣正常的正常轻人在喷? 3 %麻黄素溶液后， 4名受测者之下鼻甲前端截面积并未增加而另1名受测者鼻音被语言治疗师检查认为过重，这5名受测者被排除在本研究之外。
Subtle changes , such as polyps in the early stages , can easily be identified . purulent secretions are seen streaming here from the maxillary sinus ostium posteriorally towards the nasopharynx . posteriorally , medial to the tail of the middle turbinate , the ostium of the sphenoid sinus may be identified 能很容易的发现类似早期息肉等微小的病变，还可以显示脓性分泌物从上颌窦口向后流向鼻咽部和后方的中鼻甲的后段和蝶窦的开口。
Pledgets imbibed with cocaine solution are then placed under direct visualization into the middle meatus , the inferior meatus , and along the nasal septum . xylocaine with epinephrine is then used to infiltrate the lateral nasal wall , the uncinate process , and the head and inferior portions of the middle turbinate 将浸有的卡因的脱脂棉片直接置于中鼻道，下鼻道和中鼻甲表面，再使用利多卡因和肾上腺素浸润鼻腔外侧壁钩突和中鼻甲。
Methods ( 1 ) the morphology and mucosal ultrastructure of middle turbinate were observed preoperatively and postoperatively by nasal endoscopy and scanning electron microscopy in 20 cases ; ( 2 ) the proportions of the septal turbinate formation and the closure of ethmoid sinus cavity were investigated postoperatively by nasal endoscopy in 60 cases with middle turbinate reserved and 60 cases with middle turbinate resected 方法应用鼻内窥镜和扫描电镜分别观察20例手术前、后中鼻甲形态和粘膜表面超微结构；应用鼻内窥镜观察中鼻甲保留组和中鼻甲切除组各60例的术后中隔鼻甲和筛窦术腔闭塞的发生率。
The device is used to debride polyps intranasally until normal structures can be identified . uncinectomy and maxillary meatotomy are then performed in the usual fashion , using conventional instruments . the ethmoid is entered with the tip of the blade and dissection performed posteriorly , remaining low in the ethmoid until the basal lamella is penetrated and the posterior ethmoid is entered 通常用旋切刀来清除鼻内息肉直达正常的组织，然后用传统器械进行钩突切除和上颌窦窦口扩大，再用刀尖进入筛窦，向后低位切除，至穿透中鼻甲基板而进入后组筛窦。
