Sunspots are islands of intense magnetic bundles punching through the solar surface . the magnetic bundles constantly interact with each other and sometimes create unstable configurations that then lead to eruptions in the form of flares and plasma ejection 其实黑子是磁缆贯穿太阳表面的地方，这些磁缆会互相影响，有时会出现不稳定的排列，引发耀斑和等离子体抛射等表面爆发。
We can investigate the cross - culture intercommunication and integration between yuan and foreign countries by studying several infrequent objects mentioned in the book , such as huihuiqing , heizier , boling , talabuhua , abaerhuyu and qilimayu 对该书中所涉及的几种稀见名物回回青、黑子儿、波? 、醍醐、塔刺不花、阿八儿忽鱼与乞里麻鱼做进一步考释，可从中透视中外文化的相互影响、交流和融合。
The amount of sunspots on the photosphere is periodic with a period of about 11 years . at the beginning of the period , sunspots will appear at higher latitudes i . e . far away from the equator of the sun . then , the number of sunspots will increase and they will appear at lower latitudes 太阳黑子的多寡变化有一个十一年的周期，在周期之始，黑子基本上出现在纬度较高的地方即离太阳赤道较远，接著太阳黑子数目会不断增多，并且会向赤道靠拢。
Sunspots are dark regions on the sun s surface , where their temperatures are lower than the average temperature of the photosphere 6 , 000 degrees celsius , and are presumably associated with the strong magnetic field . the strength of the magnetic fields is thousands times stronger than earth s . such strong magnetic field keeps sunspots at 4 , 500 degree celsius and also serves as a reservoir of energy for explosive events like solar flares 太阳黑子是太阳表面的暗黑区域，温度较光球层的平均温度摄氏6 , 000度低，而区域内的磁场比地球的磁场还要高出数千倍，这强大的磁场除了令黑子处于摄氏4 , 500度外，更为爆发性现象如太阳耀斑提供了能量。
Be so called yunzi , was contribution in ming and qing , already have the history of hundreds of years , is a domestic and international and generally accepted go exquisite article , the characteristics is a white son to take just a little jade - green , the black piece is the deep dark yellowish green in fact , tenacity good , not the feeling comfort , the well - known product contain " yunzi " and " yongchang " two kinds of brands 俗称云子，为明清贡品，已有数百年的历史，是国内外公认的围棋精品，特点是白子略微带翠绿，黑子其实为深墨绿，韧性好，不感舒适，知名产品有“云子”和“永昌”两种品牌。
The two sunspots of a pair have different polarities , one would be a magnetic north and the other is a magnetic south . thus , we believe that there are magnetic field lines joining the two sunspots of a pair . the strong magnetic field locks the gas of the photosphere in places and inhibits the hotter gas below to rise at the sunspots 黑子经常成双成对出现，每对皆由极性相反的黑子组成，若一个为磁北，另一个必为磁南，由此我们估计每对黑子皆由磁力线所连系，强大的磁场牵制著光球层上的气体，并阻止了下层较炽热的气体上升至黑子范围，结果黑子比太阳表面其他地方温度较低。
From some characteristics observed , such as the short lift time , narrow frequency band , fast frequency drift , quasi - periodic pulsation , spike event and complex magnetic structure , it is considered that the radiation mechanism of these events may be principally due to the electromagnetic waves magnified directly by the instable electronic cyclotron 从它们的观测特征：短寿命，窄频带，频率快速漂移，及尖峰事件与磁结构复杂的大黑子活动区密切相关等，认为这些事件的辐射机制可能是电子回旋脉泽不稳定直接放大电磁波所致。
In the lecture , dr lui will provide the latest knowledge of nearby space environment , examine the correlation between space disturbances and our daily lives , including the radiation dosage for frequent airplane travelers compared to that of workers handling nuclear fuel , explain sun activities such as sunspots , solar flare , solar wind and space storms , etc . and how they will damage space assets and satellites for communication and navigation systems that our mobile telephone network , television broadcasting and flight routes will also be affected 讲座上吕博士将以深入浅出手法，介绍科学家对太空天气的认知预报研究工作，以及黑子耀斑风暴地磁暴和极光等太阳活动，对我们日常生活的影响，如经常乘坐飞机旅客跟核电厂工人所受的幅射影响比较，以及太空天气对地球的实质影响。
