Beer - lambert law , more commonly known as beer ' s law , states that the optical absorbance of a chromophore in a transparent solvent varies linearly with both the sample cell pathlength and the chromophore concentration 比尔-朗伯定律，更多的被称为比尔定律，是指在透明溶剂中发色团的光束吸收度随着样品电池路径以及发色团浓度的变化而呈线性变化。
In this paper , we study a new method of automatic detection of target course - altering maneuvers based on a linear measurable function of bearings varying with time when the target travels on a straight line at a constant speed 摘要根据观测器目标保持匀速直线运动时目标方位随时间线性变化的一种可量测函数，研究了一种检测目标转向机动的新方法。
Separating the whole process of reduction in temperature into several time sections in which change in temperature is to be assumed as linear the total disparity in temperature including the disparity due to equivalent contraction can be obtained 然后，将降温过程分成若干时段，且在时段内温度呈线性变化求得各时段内包括水化热温差和收缩当量温差在内的总温差。
Separating ihe whole process of reduction in temperature into several time sections in which change in temperature is to be assumed as linear the total disparity in temperature including the disparity due to equivalent contraction can be obtained 然后，将降温过程分成若干时段，且在时段内温度呈线性变化求得各时段内包括水化热温差和收缩当量温差在内的总温差。
Small signal model of one cycle controlled bridge switching power amplifier is established . the theory research results of one cycle controlled switching power amplifier show that the output signal follow the input signal linearly , and the control performance is decided by output filter 理论分析结果表明，单周控制开关功率放大器的输出信号与输入信号成线性变化关系，其控制性能由输出滤波器决定。
According to more effect , when the hore component is placed in a gradient field , at the same time the direction of the current is perpendicular to the direction of the voltage , then between the two parallel side face come out the hore voltage . when hore component is set in this kind of uni - gradient magnetic field and the electric current is unchanged , the voltage output of hore component will be proportional to the position of the hore component in the magnetic field . so we can use the hore component to measure the movement of hore component against magnetic field 根据霍尔效应可知，置于磁场中的霍尔元件若电流方向与磁场方向垂直，则在霍尔元件垂直于磁场和电流方向的两个侧面将产生电势，将霍尔元件置于强度随空间位置线性变化的磁场中，且控制电流恒定，输出就正比于霍尔元件处于磁场中的位置，因此可以用霍尔元件来测量磁场与霍尔元件间的相对位移量。
Due to the short distance among the planes which fly in a group , the conventional low resolution radar can not distinguish them in both distance and azimuth ? if we use the technology of isar to resolve the difference among doppler frequency of the targets and obtain a fine resolution cross - cross image , we may separate them , but a long time of coherent processing is needed < , for the formation targets , it can be approximately divided to rigid body and nonrigid body , so for the formation targets , that can be regarded as rigid which has a relative position and an identical movement , can be approximately considered as a large target , and be compensated by translational phase with the rule of minimum entropy , but for the most those cannot accord with the approximation of rigid , being the doppler - frequency of the aim is linear changed , by the relax method with short data , increases the resolving performance of multiple target to the aim in the frequency domain , since cross - range resolution is based on the accumulative time , so it is greatly improve the resolution to formation targets by the instant cross - range image which produced by radon - wigner transformation 低分辨isan成像及干涉技术应用研究一因此直接无法分辨编队目标的架数，我们借鉴isar的技术，通过较长时间的相干积累，在多普勒频域上对目标进行分辨。而对于编队目标，可分为近似刚性的多目标和非刚性的多目标，所以对于可以近似为刚体的编队目标相对位置固定，运动方式一致，可以近似看作一个大目标，采用最小墒准则对平动相位的进行补偿，但是大多数并不满足刚体近似的编队目标，由于目标在相干积累时间的多普勒频率近似呈线性变化，通过对较短数据利用relax的时频分析方法，提高了频率域上目标分辨的性能。由于横向分辨率取块于横向积累时间，所以利用radnwigner变换得到瞬时的一维横向距离像大大提高了对编队目标的分辨，对仿真和实测数据的大量分析结果表明此方法的有效性和可行。
According to the different require of the phase mask , the holographic recording method for the design of linearly chirped phase mask is studied in this paper . the fringe formed by the interference of two spherical waves , whose density varies linearly with space , is used to record the chirped phase mask . the two design schemes proposed in this paper are analyzed and compared , and the experimental results are given 根据光纤光栅掩模的不同要求,研究讨论了用全息干涉方法制作线性啁啾位相掩模的设计方法,提出用两球面波干涉产生条纹密度随空间距离线性变化的干涉条纹记录啁啾位相光栅,分析比较了文中给出的两种设计方案,给出了实验验证结果,并且制作了线性啁啾光刻胶掩模。
In the first part , the research progress of cloud motion wind was introduced and the significance of the 1 - d fourier analysis technique was given . in the second part , based on fluctuation theory and fourier analysis , the one dimension fourier analysis technique on cloud motion winds is deduced and demonstrated theoretically . by simulating mathematically on frequency and on space , we not only uncovered two questions in practice , first is phrase folding , second is frequency spectrum overlapping , but also gave methods and suggestions to solve them or avoid them 本文由六章组成，第一章介绍云导风技术的研究进展和傅立叶导风技术的研究意义；第二章以波动理论和傅立叶变换为基础，对傅立叶相位导风技术进行理论推证和误差分析，通过模拟分析了空间域和频率域的导风特点，揭示了在导风过程中出现的相位重叠和频谱混叠两种现象；第三章通过计算在空间域速度线性变化情况下频率域振幅权重平均速度(
By simulating mathematically on frequency and on space , we can find the average speed of space field and the average speed of frequency field that is weighted by amplitude , and analyse their relation , and analyse the meaning of space speed variance x and frequency speed variance v . in the fourth part , how to ensure the height of cloud is introduced , and basing on the theory of wind field continuity , the height updating quality controlling is introduced . in the fifth part , the system of cloud wind is introduced , we tracked cloud - motion of consecutive satellite images with one - minute interval by the 1 - d fourier analysis technique and the two - dim fourier analysis technique and the fft analysis technique , and dispose them with quality controlling . in the sixth part , we summarized our research and put up with shortages of this article 模拟模块内各点的速度线性变化时，得到空间域平均速度以及频率域以振幅为权重的平均速度，分析了空间域平均速度和频率域以振幅为权重的平均速度的关系，并揭示空间域的平均速度的标准差_ x和频率域的振幅为权重的平均速度的标准差_ v的意义，以及它们之间的关系；第四章介绍了云迹风系统的高度指定以及风矢高度的划分，并根据风场连续性原理，介绍了高度调整法的质量控制；第五章介绍导风系统的流程，选择了三个时刻的ir云图，分别用一维傅立叶相位法、二维傅立叶相位法和快速傅立叶算法计算一个风场个例，并对所得风场进行质量控制，并给出风场图；第六章进行研究总结，指出不足和有待于进一步研究之处。
