The control of the engineering costs in college capital construction projects depends largely on the control and supervision of such factors as decision - making , bidding at design stage , supervising at construction stage and settlement after the construction completion 摘要高校基建工程控制造价，要做好决策、设计阶段工程招投标、施工过程管理、工程竣工结算等几个重要环节的控制和管理。
A visual information system is developed for the construction of the key water control projects on the mid - mute of south - to - north water transfer project in accordance with its features , such as long water transferring distance , more types and a - mount of the structures concerned and great investment , etc 摘要针对南水北调中线工程输水线路长、建筑物类型多且数量大、投资规模巨大等特点，开发研制了南水北调中线工程控制性枢纽建筑物施工可视化信息管理系统。
The research progressing as follows : ( l ) basic developmental character and engineering control effect of continuous macrostructure plane ( i and ii level ) of dam abutment has been systemically studied . and this kind of structural plane took important effect to appraise rock mass distortion and failure and stability 论文研究进展主要有以下几方面： ( 1 )系统研究了坝肩宏观贯通性结构面(分类中的及级)发育的基本特征以及它们的工程控制效应，阐明了该类贯通性结构面对坝肩岩体变形破坏及岩体稳定性评价起主导作用。
The instrument has been applied to spot construction for the first time on the construction site of commanding and dispatching center of channeling water from huanghe river in wanjiazhai of shanxi . digital and sensing technology is employed to accomplish the dual open loop control over the tension of prestressing tendon . because the traditional technology of prestressing construction is improved , construction accuracy and efficiency are greatly rais ed 智能预应力张拉仪是能与普通张拉设备配套重复使用的智能化显示与控制仪表，是本课题组研制的专利产品，本文首次在山西省万家寨引黄工程控制调度中心施工现场将智能预应力张拉仪应用于现场施工中，利用数字传感技术实现了对预应力筋张拉的双重开环控制，改进了传统的预应力施工工艺，大大提高了预应力施工的精度和效率，从而有效地避免了工程事故的发生。
Abstract : the authors researched existing water distribution control systems and are willing to emphasize that ( 1 ) the progress of water industry might be obstructed if the foregoing big system is still used to considerate , because the water supply system has already became a complicated engineering being , and ( 2 ) it is most important to the technical progress of water supply if more attentions have to be paid to study the complexities of the water supply engineering and the effect to it of the existing water system control 文摘:对现行给水控制进行研究，力图说明：给水系统是一个复杂的工程存在，在水工业思想已经提出的今天，再沿用以往的大系统观将有碍于水工业工程技术的进步；重视并研究给水工程的复杂性及其对现行给水工程控制模式的影响，对给水工程科技进步至关重要。
In this paper , the state of the art of the engineering controlled explosion and the finite element method ( fem ) are reviewed . in order to analyze and simulate the demolishment of frame - structured buildings due to controlled blasting , the method of killing or activating elements , a high level technique in fem , and the special element - solid65 are introduced to the blasting field first in china by the author 本文回顾和总结了工程控制爆破和有限单元法的发展历史及其研究现状，在国内首次把单元生死法这一有限元高级处理技术和ansys软件中特有的solid65单元引入到爆破拆除工程领域，用其进行框架结构楼房爆破拆除的计算机模拟，探讨了构件在完全破坏前的应力、应变、裂缝生成和塑性铰形成位置。
With the rapid development of high - tech field such as aerospace , astronautics , nuclear industry and robotics and all kinds of domestic applications , apparatus and control systems become more and more complicated , and the investment in them are more and more high , thus an increasing demand for those systems to be safer and more reliable 随着航空、航天、核工业、机器人等高技术领域和各种民用工业领域技术水平的迅速发展,其设备装置和工程控制系统的规模和复杂性日益增加,同时投资也越来越大,因此对于这些投资巨大、复杂的大型系统,其可靠性、可维修性和有效性显得越来越来重要。
( 2 ) statistical character and engineering control effect of short and intermittent structural plane ( iiia and iiib level ) of dam abutment has been systemically studied . and this kind of structural plane took important effect to appraise whether latent discrete boundary of massif could be formed and rock mass quality ( 2 )系统研究了坝肩短小、断续性结构面(分类中的_ a类和_ b )的统计特征及其工程控制效应，阐明了此类结构面对能否构成坝肩岩体块体的潜在分离边界以及对岩体质量的评价起着重要作用。
Some features of the engineering control network demand special applications of gps in road and bridge engineering , for example , particular requirement of accuracy on some aspect that results in distribution of net points and sometimes bigger height difference of points , consideration of staking out in construction in the design of engineering control network , application of independent engineering coordinate system , and use of engineering mean height surface as the projection surface of computation 由于工程控制网的一些自身特性，如施工控制网要考虑施工放样的方便，或某一方面精度的特定要求，网点分布不够均匀，点间高差有时较大；采用工程独立坐标系，并且往往以工程平均高程面为计算投影面等等，使得gps在路桥工程中的应用也有一些特殊性。
Taking the characteristics of road and bridge engineering into account , this paper makes systematic analysis and study on applications of static gps in data processing of surveying in road and bridge engineering : the feasibility of using single point positioning result as starting point is studied and the influence of it on baseline solution is discussed ; on account that the software provided along with instrument by vendors usually does not support coordinates in the independent engineering coordinates system from gps observations , a simple and effective method is represented for the gps data processing in the independent engineering coordinates system and is programmed . through real examples the method and programs are testified ; from gps surveying the wgs - 84 coordinates are acquired , while in reality coordinates in local coordinate system are needed , so conversion from wgs - 84 coordinates to local coordinates is necessary 结合路桥工程的特点，对静态gps在路桥工程控制测量中的数据处理作了系统的分析和研究： ?对单点定位结果作为起算点的可行性进行了研究，并探讨其对基线解算的影响； ?鉴于商家提供的随机软件往往不支持利用gps观测得到工程独立坐标系中坐标，为工程独立坐标系gps数据处理提供了一种简便有效的方法，并编制了相关的处理程序，通过实例验证，程序是正确的、方法是可行的； ? gps测量得到的是wgs - 84坐标，而实用上需要的是地方坐标系坐标，因而得把wgs - 84坐标转换地方坐标系坐标。
