This method directly takes movement part oneself as static reference datum , converting two objects relative movement to the rotation of wheel , the hall componets detect the rotation angle and the direction of roll wheel , then the displacement is calculated 该方法是一种直接以运动部件自身为静止参照物的自为基准测量方式，将两物体的相对直线运动转变为滚动轮的转动，霍尔元件检测滚动轮的转动角度和方向来计算位移。
In the first , on the basis of analysis on the development trend of world container ports and current condition of our container ports , this thesis discusses the feasibility and necessity of the construction of international hub ports in our country . in the second , the sorts and characters of international container hub ports are analyzed , then evaluation factors of hub ports are educed 然后本文从枢纽港的形成及发展模式、所处地理位置以及所具有的功能三个角度对国际集装箱枢纽港进行了分类，并以世界上几个大型的国际集装箱枢纽港为参照物分析了其形成的条件及特征，进而得出了国际集装箱枢纽港的评价因素。
Main conclusions ( 1 ) the shadow prices of agriculture production factors could be calculated by using stochastic frontier production function and marginal productivity theory without the factors market ; ( 2 ) the real production cost of agriculture production could be acquired by using the opportunity cost of factors to account the benefit - cost of agriculture products ; ( 3 ) the marginal benefit of the agriculture production factors could be regarded as referent standard to weigh the amounts that government at the basic level and countryside committee take fees from farmers 本文的主要研究结论为：利用随机前沿生产函数技术和要素边际生产力理论，在没有重要农业生产要素市场的情况下，有可能测算要素影子价格；使用机会成本概念作为农产品成本收益核算的计价基础，可以获得农产品的完全生产成本；农业生产要素的边际收益可以作为衡量基层政府和村集体向农民收取费用合理幅度的一种参照物。
Based on the previous parts , the thesis comes to a conclusion : the intellectual products and the substance are similar in essence with no contradiction , a system of intellectual property rules should be established with the reference of property law system , as a parallel to the property law and the credit law , in the chinese civil code , so as to strengthen the protection of intellectual property in the knowledge economics age 在前四章论证的基础上,笔者在结论部分提出:知识产品与物在本质上是相同的,知识产权从属性上讲与物权并无坻牾之处。因此应当将知识产权规范完全纳入民法典:即以知识产品为中心,参照物权体系构造一个知识产权体系,使其和物权,债权形成三分天下之势,且纳入到民法的财产权之下,以凸显知识经济时代特征,加强对知识产权的保护。
On the basis of carrying on the achievements of predecessors " researcher and reading thoroughly the chinese and foreign works about the european integration theory , the author makes theoretical carding and evaluation on the supernational developing phenomenon on european integration from a vertical angle , taking the " supernational dimension " development of european integration as the analyzing parallel and the " intergovernmental dimension " development of european integration as the analyzing comparative reference . thus , the author comes to a conclusion on the positive effects and real trouble of the supernational dimension development of european integration and its vital enlightenment for other regional integration , so as to give a more direct and more logically clear annotation on the european integration , which will enrich our country ' s research on european integration 笔者在继承前人的研究成果和详细阅读有关欧洲一体化理论著作的基础上，尝试以欧洲一体化的“超国家向度”发展为分析纬线，以欧洲一体化的“政府间向度”发展为分析的对比参照物，从纵向角度对欧洲一体化超国家发展现象做出理论梳理与评析，归纳出欧洲一体化超国家向度发展的积极成效、现实困境以及这种发展方式对其它区域一体化的重要启示，以期对欧洲一体化的发展做出更直观、脉络化更清晰的一种诠释，丰富我国对欧洲一体化的研究。
The high precision flight attitude of spacecraft has been mainly received through star sensor . the priciple is that at first the star acts as reference and the stars image has been captured by star sensor , then stars image identification and attitude estimation have been done , at last the flight attitude of spacecraft has been received 航天器的高精度姿态确定主要是通过星敏感器来完成的，首先是以恒星为参照物，利用星敏感器得到星图，然后进行星图图像处理、星图识别和姿态估算等一系列计算，达到确定出航天器的飞行姿态的目的，而星图处理是星敏感器处理的基础。
Compared with private investment , the features of public investment can be summarized by the following ten aspects : the investment subject is government , the investment aim is public , the resource of investment funds is public finance , the investment field is particular , the adjustment mechanism is planning , the circulation course is indirect , the evaluation standards are social , the investment status is auxiliary , the decision course is complicated , and the supervisory task is hard 以私人投资作参照物，公共投资的特征可概括为以下十个方面：投资主体的政府性、投资目的的公共性、投资资金来源的财政性、投资领域的特定性、调节机制的计划性、循环过程的间接性、评价标准的社会性、投资地位的辅助性、决策过程的复杂性和监督任务的艰巨性。
A suitable assessment method for second - hand machinery was established based on multi - indicatrix of unified assessment method in this paper . evidence theory was used to define index - system for second - hand machinery and succeeded in fusing different experts " opinions impersonally in order to lessen the risks in the paper . pair - set theory , a new method was introduced to confirm relative criterions by quantitative analyses 集对分析是一门新兴的联系数学分析方法，文中引入该方法成功地解决了相对标准选择缺乏定量方法的问题，使其克服了设备估价中参照物选择依赖决策者个人意志的缺陷，按照联系数学分析思想代替个人的主观判断，简便适用，很适合在实践中使用。
Based on the contemporary students " autonomous learning behavior in colleges and universities , and campus as an object of reference , this paper dates back to the developmental requirements of modern h igher education to campus space under the alteration of university concept and analyzes the connotations of autonomous learning space from diverse aspects by means of environmental behavioristics , psychology and other architectural theories . it emphasizes that its essence is to provide functional space in which students can study individually and meanwhile conduct public communications , thus two contradictory functional spaces are compromised . that is : one is introvert private learning space and the other is space for open discussion , communication and rest 本论文将现代高校大学生自主学习行为作为研究起点，以校园为参照物，通过追溯大学理念的演变下的现代高等教育模式对校园空间的发展要求，运用环境行为学，心理学和其它建筑理论，从不同横断面剖析了高校自主学习空间的涵义，强调其本质是能够提供大学生个体学习和公众交流的两种体验，能够融合两种互相矛盾的功能空间：即内向私密性的学习空间和开敞的讨论、交流及休息的公共空间。
Secondly in enterprise valuation cost method should proceed with book value of the financial statement , regard market value as adjusting orientation and reduce application range of cost method . when income method is adopted , four principles should be paid attention to : a : stage - by - stage income model should be used which is made by early stage income current value added by later stage income increase . b : net profit and net cash flow should be the majority of income volume 其次为：企业价值评估采用成本法应从财务报表的账面价值入手、以市场价值为调整目标、减少成本法的应用范围；采用收益法应以前期收益现值加后期收益额递增的分阶段收益模型，收益额以净利润、现金净流量为主，收益预测以企业未来发展潜力分析为前提的销售收入预测为主导，折现率坚持不低于无风险报酬率等四项原则，系数以回归方程的测算为主；市场法中参照物企业选取应以同行业企业为基准、扩大数据来源，注重评估比率可靠性验证、利用多种比率的配合等。
