Targeting at two " unfair " trade practices : price discriminations and below - cost sells , the antidumping law is promulgated by the united states to offset other governments " interventions and market distortions caused by flawed economic structures 美国反倾销法反对价格歧视和低于成本销售这两种“不公平”贸易行为，从而反对外国政府行为或不同经济制度造成的市场扭曲。
However , there are great inconsistencies between nominal intentions and actual implementations . that is to say , the five calculating methods cannot reflect above - mentioned unfair trade practices factually , which consequently implies the antidumping law itself has the immanent defects 但是美国反倾销法的名义目的和执行方法之间是脱节的，也就是说这五种计算方法都不能很好地反映反对价格歧视和低于成本销售之行为。
The ultimate intention of judging whether bidding price under cost or not is to prevent bidder whose bidding price is under cost from winning of bids . so integrative measures are advanced to prevent such situation . and measures adopted by government and tenderer are included 因此，本文提出了防范投标报价低于成本的投标人中标的综合措施，综合措施主要包括宏观措施和微观措施两个层次，即政府采取的措施和招标人采取的措施。
The second chapter is about the basic information and tendency of foreign dumping commodities to our country . some foreign enterprises sold products to us at the price lower than the cost in order to add to the market share and get the monolistic profit , which has caused serious consequences to our established industry and even the new unmature industry . it can be previewed that our country will encounter more and more dumping after becoming the member of wto 第二章介绍了国外对华倾销的基本情况及趋势。国外一些企业为了增加市场份额，获取垄断利润，不惜以低于成本价格向我国倾销商品，给我国已建立的产业甚至是刚建立不久的新兴的幼稚产业造成了严重的影响。可以预见入世后，国外对华倾销还将愈演愈烈。
By lowering the price of insurance policies , or even offering products at a price that is lower than the cost , insurance companies try to attract more customers and to collect more fund . thereby , they are able to profit much from the insurance investment , which can not only compensate the loss of the insurance operation , but also contribute a lot to the profit of insurance companies 保险公司通过在保险业务上降低价格，甚至以低于成本的价格优惠提供保险产品，从而达到让利吸引客户并取得资金的目的，而在保险资金运用上能取得较高的收益，两相抵消，不但能弥补亏损甚至能取得不菲的收益。
The author considers as follows : ( 1 ) we should understand how to define the price of architecture products the cost of engineering and the price of engineering , we should compare the connotations of plan price , float price and market price , we should clarify how engineering cost and architecture installation engineering cost are formed and what is the difference between balance price and final accounts price ; ( 2 ) through analyzing and comparing the account bases and composing contents of enterprise individual production cost and social average production cost , analyzing from the design mechanism ' s function of auction and bid and the purpose of actualizing auction and bid , we can confirm that the foundation that the titles are weeded when judged is enterprise individual production cost , not social average production cost ; ( 3 ) the author considers there is diverge between shop drawing budget based on ration and auction and bid , carrying out bill quantity of construction works can advance the formation of cons truction - product market price , also is the outset and integrant route to close international , but though code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works has a lot of advantage to advance the form of architecture market price , we also see it has lack and it should be amended 针对以上问题，笔者认为：应该了解建筑产品价格与工程造价、工程价格是如何界定的、比较建筑产品的计划价格、浮动价格与市场价格的含义，搞清楚工程造价的构成和建筑安装工程费用的构成以及竣工结算价格与决算价格的区别；通过分析、比较建筑产品的“社会平均生产成本”和“企业个别生产成本”的计算依据和构成内容，从招标投标的设计机制的功能和实施招投标的目的来分析，确认在评标中剔除低于成本价标书的依据是投标企业的个别生产成本，而不是社会平均生产成本；笔者认为以定额为计价依据的施工图预算方法与招标投标之间存在悖论，工程量清单计价的推行是对建筑产品市场价格形成改革的推进，也是建筑产品价格形成方式与国际接轨的开端与必经之路，但是也必须认识到虽然《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》具有推进建筑市场价格形成的诸多优势，但仍存在不足与需要完善的地方。
Different operators are at the almost same technology level because their upriver enterprises such as equipment vendor , icp , software provider and counselor are the same . after the price war round by round , service price is more and more close to its cost , even below its cost , so it is impossible for the price to go down 由于电信运营企业的上游企业即设备商、内容商、软件和咨询商几乎相同，技术水平难有本质差别；加之一轮又一轮的价格大战，企业产品价格逐渐接近成本甚至低于成本，价格进一步竞争空间已经近乎于零。
