Particles that interact with the higgs field behave as if they have mass , proportional to the strength of the field times the strength of the interaction 和希格斯场有交互作用的粒子，看起来就好似带有质量，质量的大小和希格斯场强度乘上交互作用强度成正比。
Railway applications - current collection systems - requirements for and validation of measurements of the dynamic interaction between pantograph and overhead contact line ; german version en 50317 : 2002 a1 : 2004 铁路设施.集流系统.电杆和架空接触线之间动态互作用
4 . a nonlinear theoretical model for two - cavity gyroklystron is established . the analytic method on the beam - wave interaction in input cavity and output cavity is studied 四、建立了两腔回旋速调管的非线性模型与理论，探讨了调制腔及输出腔中注?波互作用的研究方法。
Besides , the electromagnetic field distribution promotes effective interaction between electron beam and the electromagnetic wave , and only thousands of gauss of guide magnetic field are needed 同轴波导内场分布也有利于实现高效率的注波互作用,聚束磁场仅需要数千高斯。
In chapter 2 , the principles of mdc for twts , refocusing and the influence of the secondary electrons are analyzed . the electron energy entering the collector is analyzed 第二章从分析互作用后电子能量分布入手,分析多级降压收集极的工作原理、再聚焦原理和次级电子的影响。
4 . the " hot " dispersion equation of the coaxial ridge - disk - loaded cylindrical waveguide twt with an annular electron beam can be firstly obtained according to self - consistent field theory 四、引入薄环形电子注，首次建立了脊加载同轴膜片圆波导的注波互作用线性理论，得到小信号条件下的色散方程。
3 . based on the simulation , a 8mm third harmonic complex cavity gyrotron with gradual transition , to which a permanent magnet system could be used , is designed and tested 三、在数值模拟研究的基础上，设计了用于永磁包装的8mm波段三次谐波渐变结构复合腔回旋管互作用腔体及有关工作参量，并进行了测试。
When a interacting many - body system , such as a magnet , is driven in time by external perturbation , such as a magnetic field the system can ' t response instantaneously due to the relaxational delay 当周期振荡的外场加在一个互作用多体系统，例如铁磁体的时候，系统会有一个相应的滞后；这种滞后的响应就是磁滞回线。
( b ) the linear fluid model is used to study the conductor - centered helical groove twt . we have analyzed the effects of the beam parameters on the gain and the bandwidth of the twt ( 2 )我们用线性理论模型研究了具有中心导体轴的矩形螺旋槽行波管内的注-波互作用特性，对电子注参量对小信号增益和带宽的影响进行了分析。
In addition , for a dispersive high frequency system , because of the requirement of the phase in - step between the beam and electromagnetic wave , the bandwidth are expected to be located in a narrow range 另外，对干填充等离子体的色散高频系统，由干电子注和电磁波互作用的同步要求，系统带宽必然分布在某一有限范围内。
