One additional watt per square meter of forcing , over and above that today , will take global temperature approximately to the maximum level of the eemian 今后的气候营力每平方公尺只要增加一瓦特，就会使全球气温达到艾姆间冰期的最高水准。
Understanding how el ni ? o has changed with past radiative forcings is a first step to understanding how it will change in an increasingly greenhouse - gassed world 了解过去的辐射营力如何影响圣婴现象，是了解未来它会如何随温室气体增加而变化的第一步。
One piece of evidence is the close agreement of observed global temperature during the past several decades with climate models driven by these forcings 证据之一是，过去数十年间，根据这些气候营力设计的气候模型所得结果，与全球温度的观察结果十分接近。
Other human - made climate forcings include replacement of forests by cropland . forests are dark even with snow on the ground , so their removal reduces solar heating 其他人为的气候营力还包括把森林变为农地。即使地面覆雪，森林还是深色的，所以森林的消失会减弱太阳的加热作用。
This forcing maintains a global temperature change of 5 degrees celsius ( 9 degrees fahrenheit ) , implying a climate sensitivity of 0 . 75 0 . 25 degrees c per watt per square meter 这样的气候营力使得全球温度改变5 ，这意味每一瓦特作用在每平方公尺的气候敏感度为0 . 75 0 . 25 。
Specifically , radiative forcings ? volcanic eruptions and solar changes , for instance ? do in fact alter el ni ? o , turning it into more of a la ni ? a state , with colder sea - surface temperatures 明确来说：火山爆发、太阳变化等辐射营力，确实会影响圣婴现象，并将它转为反圣婴状态，此时海洋表面温度较冷。
The agreement with observations , for both the modeled temperature change and ocean heat storage , leaves no doubt that observed global climate change is being driven by natural and anthropogenic forcings 模拟的温度变化与海洋热储存，都与实际观察数据相符，已经可确定的是：全球气候变迁受到自然与人为气候营力的驱动。
The ipcc has defined climate - forcing scenarios , used these for simulations of 21st - century climate , and estimated the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on agriculture , natural ecosystems , wildlife and other matters Ipcc定义了气候营力假想情况，用以模拟21世纪的气候，并估计温度与降水的改变对农业、自然生态系、野生动植物与其他事物的冲击。
Objective analysis of global warming requires quantitative knowledge of three issues : the sensitivity of the climate system to forcings , the forcings that humans are introducing , and the time required for climate to respond 要对全球暖化进行客观分析，需要对下面三项议题有精确的认识：气候系统对气候营力的敏感度、人类介入的气候营力，还有气候发生反应所需的时间。
The current rate of ocean heat storage is a critical planetary metric : it not only determines the amount of additional global warming already in the pipeline , but it also equals the reduction in climate forcings needed to stabilize the earth ' s present climate 目前的海洋热储存速率是一个关键的全球度量，它不仅决定即将发生的暖化程度，也相当于维持地球气候稳定所需减少的气候营力。
