In this dissertation , according to the summarization of r & d and application of this kind of techniques , the theory , setup and experiment of grazing - emission x - ray fluorescence techniques are studied , which is used to characterize thin layer characteristics 本文在综述了国内外掠射x射线荧光分析技术的研发和应用的基础上，对掠出射x射线荧光技术在薄膜特性分析上的理论、装置和实验三方面进行了研究。
Along with the development of the cytobiology and the molecular biology , and thoroughly research of the biophysics , the biochemistry , the genetics and immunology , it has cultivated the modem biological technology , such al genetic engineering , cellular engineering , enzyme engineering , fermentation engineering and so on , to change biology characteristic to carry on the material transformation , has formed the front biological examination technology : the dna probe , the pcr technology , the molecular mark , the bioluminescence technology , genechip technology and so on the widespread application of these advanced biotechnologies in dairy industry baa impelled the dairying technical transformation , and has been having vital significance to dairy production , research and dairy product security 摘要随着细胞生物学和分子生物学的发展及对生物物理、生物化学、遗传学和免疫学研究的深入，培育了基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程、发酵工程等改变生物特性进行物质转化的现代生物技术，形成了dna探针、 pcr技术、分子标记、生物荧光技术、基因芯片技术等前沿性的生物检测技术，其在乳品工业中的广泛应用，推动了乳业的技术变革，对乳品生产、研究和乳品安全意义重大。
The pollution effects of the plant leaves treated with acid material can be detected quantitatively by means of df . the technique would likely to be applied as a practiced field application with easier operation than chlorophyll fluorescence technique . thus , we conclude that delayed fluorescence is an excellent indicator for evaluating the extent of environment stress on plant 因此，利用植物的光诱导延迟荧光在一定程度上可以检测出雨水和空气中酸性物质对植物叶片的胁迫效应，该方法比常规的理化手段更接近于环境的真实状况，而且比叶绿素荧光技术便于操作。
O in the flow . the oh concentration was also measured using salicylic acid liquid phase scrubbing and high performance liquid chromatography hplc technique . the relationship between the calculated and measured oh concentrations was relatively uniform . the surface effect in the photolysis tube was studied using laser - induced fluorescence signal and was not of importance O浓度计算得到oh浓度，此计算浓度与利用水杨酸液相吸收-高效液相色谱法测得的oh浓度比较一致，同时用激光诱导荧光技术对可能存在的壁效应进行研究，结果表明在较高流速下其影响较小。
