Despite its fundamental importance , little is known about how plants sense and adapt to darkness in the daily light ? dark cycle , or how they adapt to unpredictable environmental stresses that compromise photosynthesis and respiration and deplete energy supplies 尽管它非常重要，我们却对它知之甚少：在昼夜循环过程中植物如何感知并适应黑暗，或者说它们如何适应不可预知的（黑暗）环境压力? ?它会危及光和作用与呼吸作用、并耗尽能量供应。
Abstract : soil incubation experiments were conducted in lab to delineate the effect of soil temperature and soil water content on soil respirations in broad - leaved / korean pine forest ( mountain dark brown forest soil ) , dark coniferous forest ( mountain brown coniferous forest soil ) and erman ' s birch forest ( mountain soddy forest soil ) in changbai mountain in september 2001 . the soil water content was adjusted to five different levels ( 9 , 21 , 30 , 37 and 43 ) by adding certain amount of water into the soil cylinders , and the soil sample was incubated at 0 , 5 , 15 , 25 and 35 for 24 h the results indicated that in broad - leaved / korean pine forest the soil respiration rate was positively correlated to soil temperature from 0 to 35 . soil respiration rate increased with increase of soil water content within the limits of 21 to 37 , while it decreased with soil water content when water content was over the range . the result suggested the interactive effects of temperature and water content on soil respiration . there were significant differences in soil respiration among the various forest types . the soil respiration rate was highest in broad - leaved / korean pine forest , middle in erman ' s birch forest and the lowest in dark coniferous forest . the optimal soil temperature and soil water content for soil respiration was 35 and 37 in broad - leaved / korean pine forest , 25 and 21 in dark coniferous forest , and 35 and 37 in erman ' s birch forest . because the forests of broad - leaved / korean pine , dark coniferous and erman ' s birch are distributed at different altitudes , the soil temperature had 4 - 5 variation in different forest types during the same period . thus , the soil respiration rates measured in brown pine mountain soil were lower than those in dark brown forest and those measured in mountain grass forest soil were higher than those in brown pine mountain soil 文摘:为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤) 、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验.利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9 , 、 21 、 30 、 37和43 5个等级,土壤样品分别在0 、 5 、 15 、 25和35的温度下保持24小时.阔叶红松林土壤在0 ( 35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关.在一定的含水量范围内( 21 ( 37 ) ,土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低.土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用.不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35 ,含水量37 ;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25 , 21 ;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35 ,含水量37 .但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4 ~ 5 ,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率.图2表1参25
The paper summarize some relevant data and introduces the current research situation about the offects of intragen on photosynthesis , chlorophyll , photosynthetic rate , effeciency of solar energy utilization , dark reaction and photorespiration etc . , on respiration and on some metabolic enzymes , including nitrate reductase , enzyme protective system of membrane - lipid peroxidation 综合国内外有关文献,介绍了氮素对植物光合作用(包括光合色素、光合速率、光能利用率、光合暗反应、光呼吸等) 、呼吸作用和一些代谢酶(包括硝酸还原酶、膜脂过氧化酶促防御系统)的影响。
From the results , it supposed that the stripe with rf 0 . 325 had a negative correlation with the opening and the aroma releasing of jasmine flower , and that the stripe with rf 0 . 83 participated in aroma releasing . effects of temperature and humidity on free - form aroma , respiratory rate , fresh weight , dry weight and the activities of enzymes relating to aroma releasing were also researched 研究温度和水份对茉莉花开放过程中呼吸、鲜重、干重、游离态香气及部分香气释放酶活性的影响，结果显示，温度通过调控茉莉花的呼吸作用、香气释放酶活性和失水速率，从而影响茉莉花的开放释香， 35有利于茉莉花的开放释香。
Soil incubation experiments were conducted in lab to delineate the effect of soil temperature and soil water content on soil respirations in broad - leaved / korean pine forest ( mountain dark brown forest soil ) , dark coniferous forest ( mountain brown coniferous forest soil ) and ermans birch forest ( mountain soddy forest soil ) in changbai mountain in september 2001 . the soil water content was adjusted to five different levels ( 9 , 21 , 30 , 37 and 43 ) by adding certain amount of water into the soil cylinders , and the soil sample was incubated at 0 , 5 , 15 , 25 and 35 for 24 h the results indicated that in broad - leaved / korean pine forest the soil respiration rate was positively correlated to soil temperature from 0 to 35 . soil respiration rate increased with increase of soil water content within the limits of 21 to 37 , while it decreased with soil water content when water content was over the range . the result suggested the interactive effects of temperature and water content on soil respiration . there were significant differences in soil respiration among the various forest types . the soil respiration rate was highest in broad - leaved / korean pine forest , middle in ermans birch forest and the lowest in dark coniferous forest . the optimal soil temperature and soil water content for soil respiration was 35 and 37 in broad - leaved / korean pine forest , 25 and 21 in dark coniferous forest , and 35 and 37 in ermans birch forest . because the forests of broad - leaved / korean pine , dark coniferous and ermans birch are distributed at different altitudes , the soil temperature had 4 - 5 variation in different forest types during the same period . thus , the soil respiration rates measured in brown pine mountain soil were lower than those in dark brown forest and those measured in mountain grass forest soil were higher than those in brown pine mountain soil 为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤) 、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验.利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9 , 、 21 、 30 、 37和43 5个等级,土壤样品分别在0 、 5 、 15 、 25和35的温度下保持24小时.阔叶红松林土壤在0 ( 35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关.在一定的含水量范围内( 21 ( 37 ) ,土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低.土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用.不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35 ,含水量37 ;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25 , 21 ;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35 ,含水量37 .但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4 ~ 5 ,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率.图2表1参25
1 . ecological effects of long - term organophasphate pesticides contamination on soil microflora the long - term effects of organophosphate pesticides contamination on soil microflora were investigated in the present study . little difference in total counts of bacteria , actinomycetes and fungi was observed between the contaminated and the non - contaminated soil . compared with the control there were a slight decrease in total counts of free - living nitrogen - fixer and denitrifying bacteria and a significant increase in those of ammonifying and ammonia - oxidizing and nitrifying _ bacteria in the methylparathion contaminated soil 一、甲基对硫磷长期污染对土壤微生物的生态学效应研究了有机磷农药甲基对硫磷长期污染对土壤微生物的影响，实验表明：土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌总的数量影响不大；自生固氮菌和反硝化细菌数量减少；氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌的数量在污染土壤中却有所增加；与对照土壤相比，污染土壤呼吸作用下降了29 . 93 ；氨化作用和硝化作用强度得到增强。
Farmland ecosystem is not only a man - made type of terrestrial ecosystem , but also important sources and sinks of ghgs . farmland ecosystems , on the one hand , absorb a great deal of carbon through photosynthesis and anthropogenic impacts , on the other hand , give out ghgs through agricultural producing processes and respiration of crops and soil 农田生态系统是重要的温室气体源和汇，一方面通过作物光合作用和人为途径吸收大量的碳；另一方面通过作物和土壤的呼吸作用以及各种途径的人工投入过程间接释放碳。
