( 4 ) the results of qtl mapping indicated that the inheritance of yield traits was very complex , the explanation as follows : additive effects except for sterile spikelet number per spike ( ssns ) , qtls of additive effects were tested for all other traits , with 10 qtls for 1000 grain weight ( kgw ) . the large variance of the effect values and the contribution rate of qtls indicated that the effects are difference for different qtls 14 。 （ 4 ）通过对产量性状qtls作图，发现产量性状的遗传非常复杂，可以从4个方面说明：加性效应除不孕小穗数外，各性状均检测到了表现加性效应的qtls 。其中，在各环境联合分析下，检测到了10个千粒重qtls ，各qtls的加性效应值和对群体变异的贡献率也存在很大差异，说明不同的qtls不是等效的。
The estimation of additive and dominance effects through qtl analysis by one - dimensional search while ignoring epistases showed similar accuracy to that by two - dimensional search by including epistases . existence of epistases could decrease the precision for the estimation of additive and dominance effects . the estimation of genetic main effects would be biased if ignoring the interaction effects of qtl x environment ( qe ) 忽略上位性效应的一维搜索qtl分析对加性效应和显性效应的估计精度与包括上位性的两维搜索qtl分析对这两种效应的估计精度相差不大，上位性的存在可能会降低对这两种效应估计的精度；忽略qtl环境( qe )互作效应会导致对遗传主效应的有偏估计，而包括qe互作效应的多环境联合分析能够提高对遗传主效应的估计精度。
Qtl mapping for the 9 yield traits was carried out using qtlmapper version 1 . 0 . the main results are as follows : using the combined test of the four environments , 39 qtls of additive effects distributing on 14 chromosomes were detected . the range of general contribution rate of additive effect qtls for different traits is 1 . 83 ~ 27 . 24 % , and the range of contribution rate of different single qtl is 1 . 06 - 8 . 93 % 利用qtlmapperversion1 . 0作图软件进行了产量性状的qtls作图，主要结果如下：在各环境联合分析下，共检测到9个性状的39个加性效应qtls ，涉及14条染色体，各个性状的总贡献率变化范围为1 . 83 27 . 24 ，单个qtl贡献率变化范围为1 . 06 8 . 93 ；共检测到9个性状的41对qtls互作位点，涉及用于分析的全部18条染色体，各个性状的总贡献率变化范围为1 . 26 36 . 15 ，单今互作效应的贡献率变化范围为1 . 20 13 . 30 。
Monte carlo simulations were conducted to study the new approaches of qtl mapping , the results indicated that general least squares ( gls ) method , which was widely applied in mixed linear model , could unbiasedly estimate all genetic main effects , including additive effects , dominance effects and epistatic effects of additive by additive , additive by dominance , dominance by additive , dominance by dominance . the interaction effects between genetic main effects and environments could also be predicted unbiasedly by linear unbiased prediction ( lup ) . the heterosis prediction based on qtl effects was also unbiased 对新提出的qtl分析方法进行了montecarlo模拟研究，结果表明，广泛应用于混合线性模型的广义最小二乘法( gls )能够无偏估计加性效应，显性效应以及加加、加显、显加、显显上位性效应等各项遗传主效应；运用线性无偏预测法( lup )能够无偏预测上述各项遗传主效应与环境的互作效应；基于qtl效应的杂种优势预测也是无偏的。
